https://www.celtic-languages.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Prv&feedformat=atomCeltic Languages - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T05:57:33ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.36.1https://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Conjugations&diff=85Welsh/Conjugations2021-10-02T15:42:48Z<p>Prv: Started working on the page. It might need to be split into several pages</p>
<hr />
<div>Similar to other Celtic languages and languages such as French, Spanish and German, verbs in Welsh are '''conjugated''' or inflected based on both tense and person.<br />
This means that suffixes which are added at the end of the stem of the word transmits information about who and when the verb is referring to.<br />
Compared to English, Welsh has generally very few irregular verbs.<br />
Due to this, conjugations in Welsh is fairly straight forward.<br />
<br />
= Irregular verbs =<br />
This section will contain a brief overview of the 5 most irregular verbs in Welsh.<br />
All of these 5 verbs are very common and their conjugated forms are used all the time.<br />
=== Bod (to be) ===<br />
=== Cael (to have) ===<br />
=== Dod (to come) ===<br />
=== Mynd (to go) ===<br />
=== Gwneud (to do) ===<br />
<br />
= Regular verbs =<br />
=== Suffix table ===<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Tense<br />
! S1<br />
! S2<br />
! S3<br />
! P1<br />
! P2<br />
! P3<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| -ais<br />
| -aist<br />
| -odd<br />
| -on<br />
| -och<br />
| -on<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| -af/-a<br />
| -i<br />
| -iff/-ith<br />
| -wn<br />
| -wch<br />
| -an<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| -wn<br />
| -et<br />
| -ai<br />
| -en<br />
| -ech<br />
| -en<br />
|-<br />
! Imperative<br />
|<br />
| -a<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| -wch<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Example ===<br />
<br />
Here is the conjugation table for the verb '''gweld''' meaning ''to see''. <br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
! Tense<br />
! S1<br />
! S2<br />
! S3<br />
! P1<br />
! P2<br />
! P3<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| gwelais<br />
| gwelaist<br />
| gwelodd<br />
| gwelon<br />
| gweloch<br />
| gwelon<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| gwelaf/gwela<br />
| gweli<br />
| gweliff/gwelith<br />
| gwelwn<br />
| gwelwch<br />
| gwelan<br />
|-<br />
! Conditional<br />
| gwelwn<br />
| gwelet<br />
| gwelai<br />
| gwelen<br />
| gwelech<br />
| gwelen<br />
|-<br />
! Imperative<br />
|<br />
| gwela<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| gwelwch<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
= Tenses =<br />
In this article we will go over the most common conjugations and paraphrastic ways of indicating the tense.<br />
In spoken Welsh, using axillary verbs like bod and gwneud is more common than in formal written Welsh.<br />
<br />
While more tenses are available, especially in written Welsh, this article will describe the most common ones:<br />
present, past, future, conditional, and imperative as well as some available paraphrastic patterns.<br />
<br />
== Particles ==<br />
=== Yn / 'n ===<br />
=== Wedi ===<br />
<br />
== Present tense ==<br />
In Welsh, present tense if formed using a paraphrastic pattern using the verb '''bod''' (to be) as an auxiliary verb.<br />
This is the equivalent of using the verb to be in English, for example ''I '''am''' going''.<br />
Bod is highly irregular, but for present tense these are some of the most common variants:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan=3 | Welsh<br />
! rowspan=2 | English<br />
|-<br />
! Affirmative<br />
! Interrogative<br />
! Negative<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 | Dw i<br />
| rowspan=2 | I am<br />
|-<br />
| Rydw i<br />
| Ydw i<br />
| Dydw i<br />
|-<br />
| Rwyt ti<br />
| Wyt ti<br />
| Dwyt ti<br />
| You are (singular)<br />
|-<br />
| Mae e/o/hi<br />
| Ydy e/o/hi<br />
| Dydy/Dyw e/o/hi<br />
| He/she is<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 | Dyn/Dan ni<br />
| We are<br />
|-<br />
| colspan=3 | Dych/Dach chi<br />
| You are (plural)<br />
|-<br />
| Maen nhw<br />
| Ydyn nhw<br />
| Dydyn nhw<br />
| They are<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For a full overview of possible conjugations of bod, please consult the article specifically about bod.<br />
<br />
By using a conjugation of bod, either yn or wedi, and a verb, we can form a pattern that indicate that something is taking place in the present time.<br />
So for example:<br />
: Rwyt ti'n mynd<br />
: ''You are going''<br />
<br />
: Mae hi'n mynd<br />
: ''She is going''<br />
<br />
Note that yn gets merged with the vowel in front and becomes ''''n'''<br />
<br />
By using the particle wedi instead we get:<br />
: Rwyt ti wedi mynd<br />
: ''You have gone'''<br />
<br />
=== Negative statements ===<br />
If we want to negate the sentence, we need to insert the word '''ddim'' between a negative conjugation of bod and the particle we are using.<br />
: Dwyt ti ddim yn mynd<br />
: ''You are not going''<br />
<br />
=== Questions ===<br />
If we want to ask a question we simply replace the conjugation of bod with its interrogative version like:<br />
: Wyt ti'n mynd?<br />
: ''Are you going?''<br />
<br />
== Past tense ==<br />
<br />
=== Imperfect ===<br />
=== Using gwneud ===<br />
<br />
== Future tense ==<br />
=== I will (bod) ===<br />
=== I am going to (mynd i)===<br />
<br />
== Conditional ==<br />
== Imperative tense ==</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Mutations&diff=83Welsh/Mutations2021-10-02T14:34:42Z<p>Prv: Added some more examples and rules</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
'''Initial letter mutations''' (''treigladau'' in Welsh) is a phenomenon that occurs in Welsh and other Celtic languages where the first letter of a word might change in different circumstances.<br />
There are numerous of circumstances where mutations can occur.<br />
However, some rules are very common and very well defined and will be listed below.<br />
<br />
== Overview of mutations in Welsh ==<br />
<br />
Not all letters mutate in Welsh, and most letters don't have all mutations.<br />
In the table below you'll see all the possible mutations in Welsh.<br />
''Initial'' refers to the original letter of the word i.e the one that you'll find in a dictionary.<br />
If a cell does not contain a value it is not a mutation that exist.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Initial<br />
! Soft<br />
! Nasal<br />
! Aspirate<br />
|-<br />
| P<br />
| B<br />
| Mh<br />
| Ph<br />
|-<br />
| T<br />
| D<br />
| Nh<br />
| Th<br />
|-<br />
| C<br />
| G<br />
| Ngh<br />
| Ch<br />
|-<br />
| B<br />
| F<br />
| M<br />
|-<br />
| D<br />
| Dd<br />
| N<br />
|-<br />
| G<br />
| _*<br />
| Ng<br />
|-<br />
| Ll<br />
| L<br />
|-<br />
| M<br />
| F<br />
|-<br />
| Rh<br />
| R<br />
|}<br />
* For soft mutation for the letter G the initial letter is simply dropped.<br />
== Soft mutation ==<br />
<br />
Soft mutation is the far most common mutation and occurs in many circumstances.<br />
<br />
=== Rules ===<br />
<br />
* After many prepositions, such as i(to), o(from), ar(on), and so on.<br />
* Feminine nouns after a definite article (y, yr, or 'r)<br />
* Adjectives after the particle yn (yn / 'n)<br />
<br />
=== Examples ===<br />
: Rydw i'n mynd i Gaerdydd<br />
: '''C'''aerdydd -> '''G'''aerdydd<br />
: ''I am going to Cardiff''<br />
<br />
== Nasal mutation ==<br />
<br />
Nasal mutation is also fairly common.<br />
The number of places it can occur is a lot less than soft mutation and the rules are very well defined.<br />
<br />
=== Rules ===<br />
* After the singular first possessive pronoun ''fy'' (mine) <br />
* After the preposition yn (in)<br />
<br />
=== Examples ===<br />
: Mae fy nhiwtor yn darllen<br />
: '''T'''iwtor -> '''Nh'''iwtor<br />
: ''My tutor is reading''<br />
<br />
: Mae hi'n byw yn Ngheredigion<br />
: '''C'''eredigion -> '''Ngh'''eredigion<br />
: ''She lives in Ceredigion''<br />
<br />
== Aspirate mutation ==<br />
<br />
== Mixed mutation ==<br />
<br />
Mixed mutation is a mixture of aspirate mutation and soft mutation.<br />
The premise of mixed mutation is that a word should use the aspirate mutation where possible (for words starting with p, t, and c) and otherwise it should use soft<br />
mutation.<ref name="king">King G (2015), Modern Welsh: a comprehensive grammar. Routledge</ref><ref>Lewis, D. G. (2003). Y Treigladur: A check-list of Welsh Mutations (Argraffiad Newydd). Gomer Press.</ref><br />
This mutation is more common in the literary language.<br />
<br />
== H-prothesis ==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Welsh]]</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Resources&diff=53Welsh/Resources2021-09-28T12:34:03Z<p>Prv: Added Yn Chwarae</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Free Resources ===<br />
<br />
==== Books ====<br />
<br />
Where to buy Welsh books? Where possible books will be linked with sites such as goodreads, as to not favour any specific store. Here is a list of some of the more popular book shops that either specialise in or have a large volume of Welsh-language books.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.gwales.com/intro/ gwales.com] - A site that specialised specifically in Welsh-language written media, as well as English books that focus on aspects of Welsh language, culture, history, et c. Physical books, ebooks, magazines, reviews, recommendations. They cover books for all range ranges. This shop is run by "Llyfrau Cymru", the books Council of Wales. When buying with Gwales you can choose an independent bookshop to receive a commission from your purchase. They support international shipping, although duty/handling fees vary. <br />
<br />
:* Do you live in Wales? Please use Gwales' [https://www.gwales.com/shopfinder/?tsid=4 shopfinder] to find an independent Welsh book shop in your area! <br />
<br />
* [https://www.ffolio.wales/ ffolio.wales] - A site also run by the book Council of Wales, with a similar commission scheme. This site is focussed purely on e-books, but is otherwise the same as Gwales. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.ylolfa.com Y Lolfa] - A Welsh language printing/publishing company. Established in the late 60's, Y Lolfa has been printing and publishing books for Welsh language authors where previous companies wouldn't. It's thanks, in part, to them that we have such diverse and creative Welsh written media. Their bookshop includes ebooks, audiobooks, as well as author information pages. They also support international shipping, although duty/handling fees vary. <br />
<br />
* [https://siopypethe.cymru/ Siop Y Pethe] - A company that sells lots of Welsh products, but specialises in selling Welsh language books.<br />
<br />
====== Fiction ======<br />
<br />
[https://hwb.gov.wales/repository/discovery?fields=resources&query=Coeden%20Ddarllen%20Rhydychen&sort=relevance&strict=1&fbclid=IwAR1imANEsRImubrb6wSZpq5zrJfQXtX_3ZlJyOacIFLtXsN5HLYyAyrGqlE Y Hwb Graded Books] - A list of dozens of graded books, starting from very simple and working it's way up in difficulty. <br />
<br />
====== Non-fiction ======<br />
<br />
[https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/curriculum-and-course-books/ LearnWelsh Textbooks] - Government lead course, based on these free textbooks which are used in conjunction with [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/digital-resources/entry/ these digital resources]. In person and virtual lessons are available [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/find-a-course/ here]. You will find northern and southern versions of all resources.<br />
<br />
==== Apps ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.saysomethingin.com/welsh SaySomethingInWelsh] - A very successful course which is talked about in greater detail further down this page. This course can be downloaded as an app. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/ Duolingo] - A good introduction to Welsh, and good for learners who prefer more interactive learning. The course content is based on the content of the learnwelsh course, so works very well in conjunction with this course. Duolingo teaches both dialect as it goes along, including lessons specifically dedicated to vocabulary differences. The course also includes very good notes when using the desktop website.<br />
<br />
==== Dictionaries ====<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.uwtsd.ac.uk/ Geiriadur UWTSD] - The online dictionary for the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. A good dictionary that includes some audio files for more popular search terms. Doesn't include definitions, just a straight Welsh-English / English-Welsh translation dictionary. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/dictionary/cy Duolingo Welsh Dictionary] - Not a very extensive dictionary but it includes many example sentences as well as audio for everything included.<br />
<br />
[http://geiriadur.bangor.ac.uk/ Geiriadur Bangor] - An online version of Cysgair and the Termiadur Addysg by the University of Bangor.<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html GPC - Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru] - A dicitonary of the Welsh Language from the University of Wales. It's the only historical dictionary of Welsh, and gives definitions in both Welsh and English. It also gives historical examples, variant spellings/forms, collocations, and etymology. <br />
<br />
[https://digi.prv.cymru Open Celtic Dictionary] - Open source dictionary with conjugations. Originally made for Welsh.<br />
<br />
[http://termau.cymru/ Termau Cymru] - A searchable dictionary of specialised terminology, from the University of Bangor. This includes a list of specific terminology dictionaries.<br />
<br />
==== Media ====<br />
<br />
===== Videos =====<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSVIkpTts9Oox1hxAOwErlg/videos S4C] - S4C is the free-to-air Welsh language TV channel. This channel is their YouTube, where they post small self-contained clips from TV shows.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/HanshS4C Hansh] - Hansh is S4Cs "teen/young adult" area, and this is their YouTube. They focus on funny and interesting videos where younger presenters explore different parts of Wales and Welsh culture/identity/history. The videos have varying degrees of Welsh, with some videos described as being in "Wenglish". <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNoyEe-fp5yhtED-bkMAfrw/videos Heno] - Heno is S4Cs magazine programme.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/HwbTV/videos S4C - Dysgu Cymraeg] - Dysgu Cymraeg (not to be confused with LearnWelsh) is S4Cs YouTube channel dedicated to learners of Welsh. It contains a wide range of videos on all topics. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/GolwgTriChwechDim/videos Golwg 360] - Golwg is a Welsh-language magazine that covers current events. This YouTube channel are accompanying videos which are in Welsh. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/colegcymraeg/videos Coleg Cymraeg] - The Welsh language college works with universities around Wales to develop Welsh language medium opportunities. This YouTube is a collection of some of their projects. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT2NfMee-YxsGaH852qTx3Q/videos Archif ITV Cymru] - Part of the National Screen & Sound Archive Of Wales' collection, based in the National Library. The archive contains around 200,000 items from 1958 onwards, based on Welsh-oriented programmes and broadcasts.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/MenterCaerdydd1/videos Menter Caerdydd] - Cardiff's Welsh language initiative, supporting Welsh in the community. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/plaidtv/videos Plaid TV] - Plaid Cymru is a Welsh National political party. They upload two videos, one in English and one in Welsh. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/DwrCymruWelshWater/videos Dŵr Cymru] - "Welsh Water" is a not for profit company that operates the water supplies for Wales. They upload lots of videos in both English and Welsh that detail the work they do, as well as general educational videos on how water treatment works.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/LiteratureWales/videos Llenyddiaeth Cymru] - The YouTube channel for Literature Wales. They post a lot of literary Welsh, such as book and poem readings, as well as discussion videos. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/pethecymru/videos Pethe Cymru] - a YouTube channel that focuses on the Arts in Wales. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/PethauBychainCymraeg/videos Cymraeg] - The Government's "Cymraeg" initiative.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/AthroCymraeg/videos Athro Cymraeg] - Videos dedicated to all aspects of learning Welsh, with a wide range of sub-series. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/YnChwarae Yn Chwarae] ([https://www.twitch.tv/ynchwarae Twitch]) - Welsh gaming channel run by Menter Iaith Sir Caerffili.<br />
<br />
===== TV =====<br />
<br />
[https://www.s4c.cymru/ S4C] - S4C is a free-to-air television channel. It was created in the early 80's, and was the first channel to be dedicated to producing content in the Welsh language. <br />
<br />
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru BBC Cymru] - BBC Cymru is the Welsh language regional division of the BBC. They have an agreement with S4C and the two work together to produce, and share, the media they produce. <br />
<br />
===== Radio =====<br />
<br />
Websites like [http://radio.garden/listen Radio.Garden] and [https://tunein.com/ TuneIn.Com] let you listen to radio stations from anywhere around the world. <br />
<br />
'''Entirely In Welsh'''<br />
<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_radio_cymru BBC Radio Cymru]<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_radio_cymru_2 BBC Radio Cymru 2]<br />
* [https://en.cymru.fm/ Cymru.FM]<br />
* [https://soundcloud.com/user-231251025 Radio Beca]<br />
<br />
''' Bilingual'''<br />
<br />
* [https://www.capitalfm.com/cymru/ Capital Cymru] - Welsh from 6am - 7pm on weekdays and 9am - 4pm on weekends.<br />
* [https://monfm.co.uk/ Môn FM] - Regularly broadcasts both English and bilingual programming.<br />
<br />
''' Daily Welsh Programmes '''<br />
<br />
* [https://planetradio.co.uk/greatest-hits/south-wales/ Greatest Hits South Wales] - Welsh language show Sunday - Friday nights, with bilingual bulletins on weeknights. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.capitalfm.com/northwales/radio/ Capital North West and Wales] - Has an hour long Welsh language programme each weekday.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.gtfm.co.uk/ GTFM] - Welsh medium programmes on Tuesday and Sunday evenings.<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Podcasts =====<br />
<br />
[https://ypod.cymru/ Y Pod] - Y Pod is a website simply dedicated to listing any and every Welsh language focussed podcast. It includes anything from "Stori Tic Toc", the Radio Cymru children's bed time stories, to "Malu Cachu, Chwalu Stigma", a podcast dedicated to discussing, sharing, and breaking the stigma surrounding mental health. <br />
<br />
==== Websites ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.urdd.cymru/cy/ Urdd Gobaith Cymru] - Urdd is a national organisation dedicated to the promotion of Welsh is people under the age of 25. If you live in Wales and are under 25, find information for [https://www.urdd.cymru/en/my-area/ your local area here].<br />
<br />
=== Paid For Resources ===<br />
<br />
==== Books ====<br />
<br />
===== Fiction =====<br />
<br />
===== Non-Fiction =====<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3912821-colloquial-welsh Colloquial Welsh] - This book from Gareth King is in of itself a course, but is also a very good resource for those learning Welsh from a more "standard" course who wants to strengthen their colloquial knowledge.<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1135987.Modern_Welsh Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar] - Another book from Gareth King. This is a very, very extensive book on the finer points of grammar within the Welsh language. If you need to know every little rule about grammar when learning a language, this is the book for you.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Welsh]]</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Getting_started&diff=52Welsh/Getting started2021-09-27T21:59:40Z<p>Prv: Added some more dictionaries</p>
<hr />
<div>== About Welsh ==<br />
=== History ===<br />
<br />
Welsh is a modern European language with a long, rich history. It started to emerge as a distinct language between 400-700AD.<sup>[https://learnwelsh.cymru/about-us/welsh-language-fast-facts/]</sup><br />
<br />
=== Modern Welsh & Usage ===<br />
<br />
Modern Welsh started with the translation of The Bible into Welsh, by William Morgan, in the late 1500s. There have been some changes to Welsh in the mean time, but a fluent speaker would be able to read things as far back as this without too much trouble. <br />
<br />
The Welsh language had started to see a decline in the 1800s, and by 1911 was spoken by less than 50% of the population.<sup>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_industrialrevolution.shtml]</sup> From a concerted effort by groups such as Urdd Gobaith Cymru (Welsh League of Hope) and Urdd Y Seren Fore (League of the Morning Star), as well as a resurgence in Welsh-medium education and general national pride, we have started to see a growth in the number of Welsh speakers starting in the early 2000s.<br />
<br />
As of the 2021 Annual Population Survey, approximately 29% of people in Wales aged 3 or over were able to speak Welsh. There are Welsh speakers all over Wales, although the overall percentage of speakers in each area is a lot higher in the so named "heartlands". Some areas of Wales, such as Gwynedd, have a 75% Welsh speaking population. If you look at specific towns and villages, many have an 80%+ Welsh speaking population.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dialects ===<br />
<br />
You will often see the dialects of Welsh simplified as either northern (Gogledd) and southern (De). There are, however, four traditional dialects (as well as a bonus dialect).<br />
<br />
* '''Y Wyndodeg''', the Gwynedd dialect<br />
* '''Y Bowyseg''', the Powys dialect<br />
* '''Y Ddyfedeg''', the Dyfed dialect<br />
* '''Y Wenhwyseg''', the dialect of Gwent and Morgannwg<br />
* '''Cymraeg y Wladfa''', the dialect of Patagonia (our bonus dialect)<sup>[https://kimkat.org/amryw/1_cymraeg/cymraeg_tafodieitheg_gymraeg_mynegai_1385e.htm]</sup><br />
<br />
Within these dialects, there will still be differences in words, spellings, and pronunciation. Some of these difference can be seen between neighbouring villages even. Some learners see this as daunting, but the similarities are really a lot greater than the differences. Everybody in Wales understands each other's Welsh just fine. It's nothing something for a beginner to worry over, just something to be aware of.<br />
<br />
=== How to pick your dialect? ===<br />
<br />
This really comes down to personal preference and what suits you best. Are you planning to spend time in certain spots of Wales? If you plan to spend more time up north, choose the Gogledd version of a course where available. If you plan to spend more time down south, choose the De version of a course where available. ''Learning one won't hold you back from speaking to someone who knows the other!''<br />
<br />
Otherwise, it could be as simple a decision as listening to videos of Welsh people speaking and choosing what you like the sound of best<sup>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0muJdaEe3hU]</sup>.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
<br />
For a more extensive list, please see our [[Welsh/Resources|full resources]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Courses ====<br />
<br />
[https://learnwelsh.cymru/ LearnWelsh] - Government lead course, based on [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/curriculum-and-course-books/ these free textbooks] which are used in conjunction with [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/digital-resources/entry/ these digital resources]. In person and virtual lessons are available [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/find-a-course/ here]. You will find northern and southern versions of all resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.saysomethingin.com/welsh SaySomethingInWelsh] - A very successful "talking" course, based on colloquial and spoken Welsh. Requires login, but the old version of the course and part of the new version of the course is free. Access to the next levels of the course, as well as more advanced material, requires a subscription. It's a flat rate of £10/month. You can download each lessons audio file very easily for offline use, as well as a free app on both iOS and Android. You will find a northern and a southern version of the course. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/ Duolingo] - A good introduction to Welsh, and good for learners who prefer more interactive learning. The course content is based on the content of the learnwelsh course, so works very well in conjunction with this course. Duolingo teaches both dialect as it goes along, including lessons specifically dedicated to vocabulary differences. The course also includes very good notes when using the desktop website. <br />
<br />
==== Dictionaries ====<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.uwtsd.ac.uk/ Geiriadur UWTSD] - The online dictionary for the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. A good dictionary that includes some audio files for more popular search terms. Doesn't include definitions, just a straight Welsh-English / English-Welsh translation dictionary. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/dictionary/cy Duolingo Welsh Dictionary] - Not a very extensive dictionary but it includes many example sentences as well as audio for everything included.<br />
<br />
[http://geiriadur.bangor.ac.uk/ Geiriadur Bangor] - An online version of Cysgair and the Termiadur Addysg by the University of Bangor.<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html GPC - Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru] - A dicitonary of the Welsh Language from the University of Wales. It's the only historical dictionary of Welsh, and gives definitions in both Welsh and English. It also gives historical examples, variant spellings/forms, collocations, and etymology. <br />
<br />
[https://digi.prv.cymru Open Celtic Dictionary] - Open source dictionary with conjugations. Originally made for Welsh.<br />
<br />
[http://termau.cymru/ Termau Cymru] - A searchable dictionary of specialised terminology, from the University of Bangor. This includes a list of specific terminology dictionaries.<br />
<br />
==== Books ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3912821-colloquial-welsh Colloquial Welsh] - This book from Gareth King is in of itself a course, but is also a very good resource for those learning Welsh from a more "standard" course who wants to strengthen their colloquial knowledge.<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1135987.Modern_Welsh Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar] - Another book from Gareth King. This is a very, very extensive book on the finer points of grammar within the Welsh language. If you need to know every little rule about grammar when learning a language, this is the book for you.<br />
<br />
==== Misc ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.urdd.cymru/cy/ Urdd Gobaith Cymru] - Urdd is a national organisation dedicated to the promotion of Welsh is people under the age of 25. If you live in Wales and are under 25, find information for [https://www.urdd.cymru/en/my-area/ your local area here].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Welsh]]</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Resources&diff=51Welsh/Resources2021-09-27T21:55:19Z<p>Prv: Added two extra dictionaries</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Free Resources ===<br />
<br />
==== Books ====<br />
<br />
Where to buy Welsh books? Where possible books will be linked with sites such as goodreads, as to not favour any specific store. Here is a list of some of the more popular book shops that either specialise in or have a large volume of Welsh-language books.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.gwales.com/intro/ gwales.com] - A site that specialised specifically in Welsh-language written media, as well as English books that focus on aspects of Welsh language, culture, history, et c. Physical books, ebooks, magazines, reviews, recommendations. They cover books for all range ranges. This shop is run by "Llyfrau Cymru", the books Council of Wales. When buying with Gwales you can choose an independent bookshop to receive a commission from your purchase. They support international shipping, although duty/handling fees vary. <br />
<br />
:* Do you live in Wales? Please use Gwales' [https://www.gwales.com/shopfinder/?tsid=4 shopfinder] to find an independent Welsh book shop in your area! <br />
<br />
* [https://www.ffolio.wales/ ffolio.wales] - A site also run by the book Council of Wales, with a similar commission scheme. This site is focussed purely on e-books, but is otherwise the same as Gwales. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.ylolfa.com Y Lolfa] - A Welsh language printing/publishing company. Established in the late 60's, Y Lolfa has been printing and publishing books for Welsh language authors where previous companies wouldn't. It's thanks, in part, to them that we have such diverse and creative Welsh written media. Their bookshop includes ebooks, audiobooks, as well as author information pages. They also support international shipping, although duty/handling fees vary. <br />
<br />
* [https://siopypethe.cymru/ Siop Y Pethe] - A company that sells lots of Welsh products, but specialises in selling Welsh language books.<br />
<br />
====== Fiction ======<br />
<br />
[https://hwb.gov.wales/repository/discovery?fields=resources&query=Coeden%20Ddarllen%20Rhydychen&sort=relevance&strict=1&fbclid=IwAR1imANEsRImubrb6wSZpq5zrJfQXtX_3ZlJyOacIFLtXsN5HLYyAyrGqlE Y Hwb Graded Books] - A list of dozens of graded books, starting from very simple and working it's way up in difficulty. <br />
<br />
====== Non-fiction ======<br />
<br />
[https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/curriculum-and-course-books/ LearnWelsh Textbooks] - Government lead course, based on these free textbooks which are used in conjunction with [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/digital-resources/entry/ these digital resources]. In person and virtual lessons are available [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/find-a-course/ here]. You will find northern and southern versions of all resources.<br />
<br />
==== Apps ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.saysomethingin.com/welsh SaySomethingInWelsh] - A very successful course which is talked about in greater detail further down this page. This course can be downloaded as an app. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/ Duolingo] - A good introduction to Welsh, and good for learners who prefer more interactive learning. The course content is based on the content of the learnwelsh course, so works very well in conjunction with this course. Duolingo teaches both dialect as it goes along, including lessons specifically dedicated to vocabulary differences. The course also includes very good notes when using the desktop website.<br />
<br />
==== Dictionaries ====<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.uwtsd.ac.uk/ Geiriadur UWTSD] - The online dictionary for the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. A good dictionary that includes some audio files for more popular search terms. Doesn't include definitions, just a straight Welsh-English / English-Welsh translation dictionary. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/dictionary/cy Duolingo Welsh Dictionary] - Not a very extensive dictionary but it includes many example sentences as well as audio for everything included.<br />
<br />
[http://geiriadur.bangor.ac.uk/ Geiriadur Bangor] - An online version of Cysgair and the Termiadur Addysg by the University of Bangor.<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html GPC - Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru] - A dicitonary of the Welsh Language from the University of Wales. It's the only historical dictionary of Welsh, and gives definitions in both Welsh and English. It also gives historical examples, variant spellings/forms, collocations, and etymology. <br />
<br />
[https://digi.prv.cymru Open Celtic Dictionary] - Open source dictionary with conjugations. Originally made for Welsh.<br />
<br />
[http://termau.cymru/ Termau Cymru] - A searchable dictionary of specialised terminology, from the University of Bangor. This includes a list of specific terminology dictionaries.<br />
<br />
==== Media ====<br />
<br />
===== Videos =====<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSVIkpTts9Oox1hxAOwErlg/videos S4C] - S4C is the free-to-air Welsh language TV channel. This channel is their YouTube, where they post small self-contained clips from TV shows.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/HanshS4C Hansh] - Hansh is S4Cs "teen/young adult" area, and this is their YouTube. They focus on funny and interesting videos where younger presenters explore different parts of Wales and Welsh culture/identity/history. The videos have varying degrees of Welsh, with some videos described as being in "Wenglish". <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNoyEe-fp5yhtED-bkMAfrw/videos Heno] - Heno is S4Cs magazine programme.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/HwbTV/videos S4C - Dysgu Cymraeg] - Dysgu Cymraeg (not to be confused with LearnWelsh) is S4Cs YouTube channel dedicated to learners of Welsh. It contains a wide range of videos on all topics. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/GolwgTriChwechDim/videos Golwg 360] - Golwg is a Welsh-language magazine that covers current events. This YouTube channel are accompanying videos which are in Welsh. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/colegcymraeg/videos Coleg Cymraeg] - The Welsh language college works with universities around Wales to develop Welsh language medium opportunities. This YouTube is a collection of some of their projects. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT2NfMee-YxsGaH852qTx3Q/videos Archif ITV Cymru] - Part of the National Screen & Sound Archive Of Wales' collection, based in the National Library. The archive contains around 200,000 items from 1958 onwards, based on Welsh-oriented programmes and broadcasts.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/MenterCaerdydd1/videos Menter Caerdydd] - Cardiff's Welsh language initiative, supporting Welsh in the community. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/plaidtv/videos Plaid TV] - Plaid Cymru is a Welsh National political party. They upload two videos, one in English and one in Welsh. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/DwrCymruWelshWater/videos Dŵr Cymru] - "Welsh Water" is a not for profit company that operates the water supplies for Wales. They upload lots of videos in both English and Welsh that detail the work they do, as well as general educational videos on how water treatment works.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/LiteratureWales/videos Llenyddiaeth Cymru] - The YouTube channel for Literature Wales. They post a lot of literary Welsh, such as book and poem readings, as well as discussion videos. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/pethecymru/videos Pethe Cymru] - a YouTube channel that focuses on the Arts in Wales. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/PethauBychainCymraeg/videos Cymraeg] - The Government's "Cymraeg" initiative.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/AthroCymraeg/videos Athro Cymraeg] - Videos dedicated to all aspects of learning Welsh, with a wide range of sub-series. <br />
<br />
===== TV =====<br />
<br />
[https://www.s4c.cymru/ S4C] - S4C is a free-to-air television channel. It was created in the early 80's, and was the first channel to be dedicated to producing content in the Welsh language. <br />
<br />
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru BBC Cymru] - BBC Cymru is the Welsh language regional division of the BBC. They have an agreement with S4C and the two work together to produce, and share, the media they produce. <br />
<br />
===== Radio =====<br />
<br />
Websites like [http://radio.garden/listen Radio.Garden] and [https://tunein.com/ TuneIn.Com] let you listen to radio stations from anywhere around the world. <br />
<br />
'''Entirely In Welsh'''<br />
<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_radio_cymru BBC Radio Cymru]<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_radio_cymru_2 BBC Radio Cymru 2]<br />
* [https://en.cymru.fm/ Cymru.FM]<br />
* [https://soundcloud.com/user-231251025 Radio Beca]<br />
<br />
''' Bilingual'''<br />
<br />
* [https://www.capitalfm.com/cymru/ Capital Cymru] - Welsh from 6am - 7pm on weekdays and 9am - 4pm on weekends.<br />
* [https://monfm.co.uk/ Môn FM] - Regularly broadcasts both English and bilingual programming.<br />
<br />
''' Daily Welsh Programmes '''<br />
<br />
* [https://planetradio.co.uk/greatest-hits/south-wales/ Greatest Hits South Wales] - Welsh language show Sunday - Friday nights, with bilingual bulletins on weeknights. <br />
<br />
* [https://www.capitalfm.com/northwales/radio/ Capital North West and Wales] - Has an hour long Welsh language programme each weekday.<br />
<br />
* [https://www.gtfm.co.uk/ GTFM] - Welsh medium programmes on Tuesday and Sunday evenings.<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Podcasts =====<br />
<br />
[https://ypod.cymru/ Y Pod] - Y Pod is a website simply dedicated to listing any and every Welsh language focussed podcast. It includes anything from "Stori Tic Toc", the Radio Cymru children's bed time stories, to "Malu Cachu, Chwalu Stigma", a podcast dedicated to discussing, sharing, and breaking the stigma surrounding mental health. <br />
<br />
==== Websites ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.urdd.cymru/cy/ Urdd Gobaith Cymru] - Urdd is a national organisation dedicated to the promotion of Welsh is people under the age of 25. If you live in Wales and are under 25, find information for [https://www.urdd.cymru/en/my-area/ your local area here].<br />
<br />
=== Paid For Resources ===<br />
<br />
==== Books ====<br />
<br />
===== Fiction =====<br />
<br />
===== Non-Fiction =====<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3912821-colloquial-welsh Colloquial Welsh] - This book from Gareth King is in of itself a course, but is also a very good resource for those learning Welsh from a more "standard" course who wants to strengthen their colloquial knowledge.<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1135987.Modern_Welsh Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar] - Another book from Gareth King. This is a very, very extensive book on the finer points of grammar within the Welsh language. If you need to know every little rule about grammar when learning a language, this is the book for you.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Welsh]]</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=User:Prv&diff=50User:Prv2021-09-27T21:54:56Z<p>Prv: Created page with "Shwmae! Preben dw i, ac dw i'n dod o Norwy. Dw i'n dysgwr Cymraeg ac dw i wedi creu'r [https://digi.prv.cymru Geiradur Celtaidd Agored] ac y bot Digi."</p>
<hr />
<div>Shwmae! Preben dw i, ac dw i'n dod o Norwy. Dw i'n dysgwr Cymraeg ac dw i wedi creu'r [https://digi.prv.cymru Geiradur Celtaidd Agored] ac y bot Digi.</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Getting_started&diff=49Welsh/Getting started2021-09-27T21:46:22Z<p>Prv: Added the Welsh category</p>
<hr />
<div>== About Welsh ==<br />
=== History ===<br />
<br />
Welsh is a modern European language with a long, rich history. It started to emerge as a distinct language between 400-700AD.<sup>[https://learnwelsh.cymru/about-us/welsh-language-fast-facts/]</sup><br />
<br />
=== Modern Welsh & Usage ===<br />
<br />
Modern Welsh started with the translation of The Bible into Welsh, by William Morgan, in the late 1500s. There have been some changes to Welsh in the mean time, but a fluent speaker would be able to read things as far back as this without too much trouble. <br />
<br />
The Welsh language had started to see a decline in the 1800s, and by 1911 was spoken by less than 50% of the population.<sup>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_industrialrevolution.shtml]</sup> From a concerted effort by groups such as Urdd Gobaith Cymru (Welsh League of Hope) and Urdd Y Seren Fore (League of the Morning Star), as well as a resurgence in Welsh-medium education and general national pride, we have started to see a growth in the number of Welsh speakers starting in the early 2000s.<br />
<br />
As of the 2021 Annual Population Survey, approximately 29% of people in Wales aged 3 or over were able to speak Welsh. There are Welsh speakers all over Wales, although the overall percentage of speakers in each area is a lot higher in the so named "heartlands". Some areas of Wales, such as Gwynedd, have a 75% Welsh speaking population. If you look at specific towns and villages, many have an 80%+ Welsh speaking population.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Dialects ===<br />
<br />
You will often see the dialects of Welsh simplified as either northern (Gogledd) and southern (De). There are, however, four traditional dialects (as well as a bonus dialect).<br />
<br />
* '''Y Wyndodeg''', the Gwynedd dialect<br />
* '''Y Bowyseg''', the Powys dialect<br />
* '''Y Ddyfedeg''', the Dyfed dialect<br />
* '''Y Wenhwyseg''', the dialect of Gwent and Morgannwg<br />
* '''Cymraeg y Wladfa''', the dialect of Patagonia (our bonus dialect)<sup>[https://kimkat.org/amryw/1_cymraeg/cymraeg_tafodieitheg_gymraeg_mynegai_1385e.htm]</sup><br />
<br />
Within these dialects, there will still be differences in words, spellings, and pronunciation. Some of these difference can be seen between neighbouring villages even. Some learners see this as daunting, but the similarities are really a lot greater than the differences. Everybody in Wales understands each other's Welsh just fine. It's nothing something for a beginner to worry over, just something to be aware of.<br />
<br />
=== How to pick your dialect? ===<br />
<br />
This really comes down to personal preference and what suits you best. Are you planning to spend time in certain spots of Wales? If you plan to spend more time up north, choose the Gogledd version of a course where available. If you plan to spend more time down south, choose the De version of a course where available. ''Learning one won't hold you back from speaking to someone who knows the other!''<br />
<br />
Otherwise, it could be as simple a decision as listening to videos of Welsh people speaking and choosing what you like the sound of best<sup>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0muJdaEe3hU]</sup>.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
<br />
For a more extensive list, please see our [[Welsh/Resources|full resources]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Courses ====<br />
<br />
[https://learnwelsh.cymru/ LearnWelsh] - Government lead course, based on [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/curriculum-and-course-books/ these free textbooks] which are used in conjunction with [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/digital-resources/entry/ these digital resources]. In person and virtual lessons are available [https://learnwelsh.cymru/learning/find-a-course/ here]. You will find northern and southern versions of all resources.<br />
<br />
[https://www.saysomethingin.com/welsh SaySomethingInWelsh] - A very successful "talking" course, based on colloquial and spoken Welsh. Requires login, but the old version of the course and part of the new version of the course is free. Access to the next levels of the course, as well as more advanced material, requires a subscription. It's a flat rate of £10/month. You can download each lessons audio file very easily for offline use, as well as a free app on both iOS and Android. You will find a northern and a southern version of the course. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/ Duolingo] - A good introduction to Welsh, and good for learners who prefer more interactive learning. The course content is based on the content of the learnwelsh course, so works very well in conjunction with this course. Duolingo teaches both dialect as it goes along, including lessons specifically dedicated to vocabulary differences. The course also includes very good notes when using the desktop website. <br />
<br />
==== Dictionaries ====<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.uwtsd.ac.uk/ Geiriadur UWTSD] - The online dictionary for the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. A good dictionary that includes some audio files for more popular search terms. Doesn't include definitions, just a straight Welsh-English / English-Welsh translation dictionary. <br />
<br />
[https://www.duolingo.com/dictionary/cy Duolingo Welsh Dictionary] - Not a very extensive dictionary but it includes many example sentences as well as audio for everything included.<br />
<br />
[https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html GPC - Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru] - A dicitonary of the Welsh Language from the University of Wales. It's the only historical dictionary of Welsh, and gives definitions in both Welsh and English. It also gives historical examples, variant spellings/forms, collocations, and etymology. <br />
<br />
[http://termau.cymru/ Termau Cymru] - A searchable dictionary of specialised terminology, from the University of Bangor. This includes a list of specific terminology dictionaries.<br />
<br />
==== Books ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3912821-colloquial-welsh Colloquial Welsh] - This book from Gareth King is in of itself a course, but is also a very good resource for those learning Welsh from a more "standard" course who wants to strengthen their colloquial knowledge.<br />
<br />
[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1135987.Modern_Welsh Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar] - Another book from Gareth King. This is a very, very extensive book on the finer points of grammar within the Welsh language. If you need to know every little rule about grammar when learning a language, this is the book for you.<br />
<br />
==== Misc ====<br />
<br />
[https://www.urdd.cymru/cy/ Urdd Gobaith Cymru] - Urdd is a national organisation dedicated to the promotion of Welsh is people under the age of 25. If you live in Wales and are under 25, find information for [https://www.urdd.cymru/en/my-area/ your local area here].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Welsh]]</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Category:Welsh&diff=48Category:Welsh2021-09-27T21:44:55Z<p>Prv: Created page with "In this category you'll find a list of articles related to the Welsh language. For a wider overview, please head over to the main page and look at all of the dif..."</p>
<hr />
<div>In this category you'll find a list of articles related to the Welsh language. For a wider overview, please head over to the [[Main Page|main page]] and look at all of the different articles listed on that page.</div>Prvhttps://www.celtic-languages.org/index.php?title=Welsh/Mutations&diff=47Welsh/Mutations2021-09-27T21:39:01Z<p>Prv: Started working on the page</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
'''Initial letter mutations''' (''treigladau'' in Welsh) is a phenomenon that occurs in Welsh and other Celtic languages where the first letter of a word might change in different circumstances.<br />
There are numerous of circumstances where mutations can occur.<br />
However, some rules are very common and very well defined and will be listed below.<br />
<br />
== Overview of mutations in Welsh ==<br />
<br />
Not all letters mutate in Welsh, and most letters don't have all mutations.<br />
In the table below you'll see all the possible mutations in Welsh.<br />
''Initial'' refers to the original letter of the word i.e the one that you'll find in a dictionary.<br />
If a cell does not contain a value it is not a mutation that exist.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Initial<br />
! Soft<br />
! Nasal<br />
! Aspirate<br />
|-<br />
| P<br />
| B<br />
| Mh<br />
| Ph<br />
|-<br />
| T<br />
| D<br />
| Nh<br />
| Th<br />
|-<br />
| C<br />
| G<br />
| Ngh<br />
| Ch<br />
|-<br />
| B<br />
| F<br />
| M<br />
|-<br />
| D<br />
| Dd<br />
| N<br />
|-<br />
| G<br />
| _*<br />
| Ng<br />
|-<br />
| Ll<br />
| L<br />
|-<br />
| M<br />
| F<br />
|-<br />
| Rh<br />
| R<br />
|}<br />
* For soft mutation for the letter G the initial letter is simply dropped.<br />
== Soft mutation ==<br />
<br />
Soft mutation is the far most common mutation and occurs in many circumstances.<br />
<br />
=== Rules ===<br />
<br />
* After many prepositions, such as i(to), o(from), ar(on), and so on.<br />
* Feminine nouns after a definite article (y, yr, or 'r)<br />
* Adjectives after the particle yn (yn / 'n)<br />
<br />
== Nasal mutation ==<br />
<br />
== Aspirate mutation ==<br />
<br />
== Mixed mutation ==<br />
<br />
Mixed mutation is a mixture of aspirate mutation and soft mutation.<br />
The premise of mixed mutation is that a word should use the aspirate mutation where possible (for words starting with p, t, and c) and otherwise it should use soft<br />
mutation.<ref name="king">King G (2015), Modern Welsh: a comprehensive grammar. Routledge</ref><ref>Lewis, D. G. (2003). Y Treigladur: A check-list of Welsh Mutations (Argraffiad Newydd). Gomer Press.</ref><br />
This mutation is more common in the literary language.<br />
<br />
== H-prothesis ==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Welsh]]</div>Prv