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A summary of Goidelic developments chapter by chapter of Kim McCone's ''Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change'' (1996). = Chapter One: The Phonology and Orthography of the Attested Celtic Languages = == I.1 Introduction == * Irish Ogam inscriptions date to the 5th and 6th c. C.E. * The Irish manuscript record emerged in the 7th c. C.E. * Church literacy provided the model for vernacular writing. * Ogam is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet. * Manuscript orthography from the 5th to 12th c. C.E. was based on British Latin pronunciation. * After the 12th c. C.E., the orthography underwent experimental changes. == I.5 Ogam Irish == === I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam === '''Cultural Influences''' * The earliest attested method of writing Irish is Ogam. * It is written on a line formed by the edge of a stone. * It consists of: ** one to five notches ({{smallcaps|a}}, {{smallcaps|o}}, {{smallcaps|u}}, {{smallcaps|e}}, {{smallcaps|i}}); ** one to five horizontal strokes to the right ({{smallcaps|b}}, {{smallcaps|l}}, {{smallcaps|f}}, {{smallcaps|s}}, {{smallcaps|n}}); ** one to five horizontal strokes to the left ({{smallcaps|h}}, {{smallcaps|d}}, {{smallcaps|t}}, {{smallcaps|c}}, {{smallcaps|q}}); ** one to five diagonal strokes across ({{smallcaps|m}}, {{smallcaps|g}}, {{smallcaps|ng}}, {{smallcaps|z}}, {{smallcaps|r}}). * It is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet. * Its twenty signs in four groups of five obviously had a numeric basis. * It was probably devised in the 4th CE. * There was probably already an established Christian community in the south of Ireland at the time. * The Latin-based literacy of Christianity possibly influenced its creation. * Irish colonies were being established in Wales in the 4th CE, providing another possible link to the learning of Latin. * Archaeological evidence shows a material link between Ireland and Roman-based communities at the time. * Cultural contact between these communities would have helped provide the environment and influence for its creation. '''Innovations''' * The alphabetic characters substituted for the Ogam symbols were assigned during the much later manuscript tradition. * The omission of Latin ''p'', and phonetic pairings of {{smallcaps|d}}/{{smallcaps|t}} and {{smallcaps|c}}/{{smallcaps|q}}, show innovation with a practical focus on Primitive Irish phonology. * These innovations help show the phonemic structure of Irish of the 4th CE. * The later substitution of alphabetic characters shows deviation from the original phonemic values. '''Phonemic Considerations''' * Bilingual inscriptions from Wales show the transcription of {{smallcaps|v}} instead of the substituted {{smallcaps|f}} assigned during the manuscript tradition, considering {{IPA|/f/}} was unlikely to have arisen from {{IPA|/w/}} during the 4th c. C.E ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#V.2.2|V.2.2]]). * The later reanalysis was probably due to the historical change found in the initial sound of the name of the letter: ** ''fern'' “alder” < ''*wernā''. * The manuscript tradition did seem to recognise a written distinction between {{smallcaps|c}} and {{smallcaps|q}} even though the latter was lost in speech by the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4|IV.3.4]]). * There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts: ** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''*kollo-'' < ''*koslo-'') for {{smallcaps|c}}; ** ''cert'' “apple-tree” (< ''*kʷerto-'' < ''*kʷerxto-'' < ''*kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''*perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps|q}}. * Since the 6th CE merger of {{IPA|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA|/kʷ/}}. * Like {{smallcaps|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps|h}}, {{smallcaps|ng}} and {{smallcaps|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th CE Irish. * Their assignment seems to have been a Latin-based cosmetic choice with their name initials being a contributing factor. * Their true values may have been {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}} and {{IPA|/sᵗ/}} respectively, or something similar, but this cannot be directly tested due to their lack of attestation on available inscriptions. '''Phonemic Developments''' * For as long as {{IPA|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}. * They first dissimilated to {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA|/o(ː)/}}). ** Consider the attested {{smallcaps|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps|*dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''*degw-i-s''. ** The {{smallcaps|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred. ** Cases like {{smallcaps|tria maqa}} "(of the) three sons" and {{smallcaps|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded. ** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} "''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''" shows how {{IPA|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions). * They then rounded a following {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} to {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4|IV.3.4]]). * Both finally merged with {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4|IV.3.4]]). === I.5.2 === == I.6 Old Irish == === I.6.1 === === I.6.2 === === I.6.3 === === I.6.4 === === I.6.5 === === I.6.6 === === I.6.7 === === I.6.8 === = Chapter Two: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic = == II.1 Stops == === II.1.1 === === II.1.2 === === II.1.3 === === II.1.4 === === II.1.5 === == II.2 Fricatives == === II.2.1 === === II.2.2 === === II.2.3 === == II.3 Sonants == === II.3.1 === === II.3.2 === === II.3.3 === == II.4 Laryngeals == === II.4.1 === === II.4.2 === === II.4.3 === === II.4.4 === == II.5 Vowels == === II.5.1 === === II.5.2 === === II.5.3 === === II.5.4 === === II.5.5 === === II.5.6 === === II.5.7 === = Chapter Three: The Voiceless Labiovelar, Syllabic Nasals, Lenition and the Celtic Family Tree = == III.1 The Voiceless Labiovelar == === III.1.1 === === III.1.2 === === III.1.3 === === III.1.4 === == III.2 Syllabic Nasals == === III.2.1 === === III.2.2 === === III.2.3 === === III.2.4 === === III.2.5 === === III.2.6 === === III.2.7 === == III.3 The Gallo-British Hypothesis == === III.3.1 === === III.3.2 === == III.4 Lenition == === III.4.1 === === III.4.2 === === III.4.3 === === III.4.4 === === III.4.5 === === III.4.6 === == III.5 Evidence for Insular Celtic == === III.5.1 === === III.5.2 === === III.5.3 === === III.5.4 === === III.5.5 === === III.5.6 === === III.5.7 === === III.5.8 === = Chapter Four: Primitive Irish = == IV.1 Early Developments == === IV.1.1 === === IV.1.2 === === IV.1.3 === === IV.1.4 === === IV.1.5 === == IV.2 Umlaut and Other Changes in Vocalism == === IV.2.1 === === IV.2.2 === === IV.2.3 === === IV.2.4 === === IV.2.5 === === IV.2.6 === == IV.3 Palatalisation == === IV.3.1 === === IV.3.2 === === IV.3.3 === === IV.3.4 === === IV.3.5 === == IV.4 Loss of Final Consonants and Vowels == === IV.4.1 === === IV.4.2 === === IV.4.3 === == IV.5 Compensatory Lengthening and Syncope == === IV.5.1 === === IV.5.2 === === IV.5.3 === = Chapter Five: From Early Old Irish to Middle Irish = == V.1 Consonant Groups Arising by Syncope == === V.1.1 === === V.1.2 === === V.1.3 === === V.1.4 === === V.1.5 === === V.1.6 === == V.2 Semivowels and Diphthongs == === V.2.1 === === V.2.2 === === V.2.3 === === V.2.4 === == V.3 Voicing of Consonants == === V.3.1 === === V.3.2 === === V.3.3 === === V.3.4 === === V.3.5 === == V.4 Breaking, Proclisis and Unstressed Vowels == === V.4.1 === === V.4.2 === === V.4.3 === === V.4.4 === == V.5 Changes in the Old Irish Phonemic System == === V.5.1 === === V.5.2 === === V.5.3 === === V.5.4 === === V.5.5 === === V.5.6 === == V.6 Middle Irish Developments == === V.6.1 === === V.6.2 === === V.6.3 === === V.6.4 ===

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