Category:Irish - Revision history

Silmeth: /* History */ is ón Laidin go díreach a tháinig an focal ''eaglais'', ní hón bhFraincis

2021-10-03T12:10:43Z

History: is ón Laidin go díreach a tháinig an focal ''eaglais'', ní hón bhFraincis

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:10, 3 October 2021
Line 18:		Line 18:
	The 12th century is the start of Early Modern Irish – the orthography changes to a more recognizable one to modern readers, the grammar changes enough that many Old Irish forms fell completely out of use even in written language, the neuter gender is lost. This stage is sometimes also called ''Classical Gaelic'' – but this term is typically applied to a very strictly formalized language used in poetry in the next few centuries, the common literary language of Ireland and Scotland of that time while ''Early Modern Irish'' is applied more broadly also to the spoken language.		The 12th century is the start of Early Modern Irish – the orthography changes to a more recognizable one to modern readers, the grammar changes enough that many Old Irish forms fell completely out of use even in written language, the neuter gender is lost. This stage is sometimes also called ''Classical Gaelic'' – but this term is typically applied to a very strictly formalized language used in poetry in the next few centuries, the common literary language of Ireland and Scotland of that time while ''Early Modern Irish'' is applied more broadly also to the spoken language.

	During this stage, at the turn of the renaissance, Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the verbal system gets redone again – differently in Irish and in Scottish Gaelic and Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language in general, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''~~eaglais~~''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage as the main sources of historical influence.		During this stage, at the turn of the renaissance, Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the verbal system gets redone again – differently in Irish and in Scottish Gaelic and Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language in general, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''páiste''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''', '''eaglais''') taking centre stage as the main sources of historical influence.

	This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.		This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.

Glob: Tá slacht curtha agam ar struchtúr an alt go mbí sé níos soléite do thoisitheoirí

2021-10-03T08:07:02Z

Tá slacht curtha agam ar struchtúr an alt go mbí sé níos soléite do thoisitheoirí

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:07, 3 October 2021
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==History==		==History==

	The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland in 1st millennium BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language, likely from Britain (where it was brought earlier from the continent), the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but at that point it was very similar to other Celtic languages of the ancient world. This ~~point~~ onward is called the Primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century an alphabet was created for the language called ''[[ogham]]'' and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.		The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland during the 1st millennium BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language, likely from Britain (where it was brought earlier from the continent), the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but at that point it was likely very similar to other Celtic languages of the ancient world. This period onward is called the Primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century an alphabet was created for the language called ''[[ogham]]'' and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.

	By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it had ~~underwent~~ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(phonology) syncope] (~~loss of every second~~ unstressed vowel) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocope apocope] (loss of final syllable) and the first traces of ~~grammaticalized~~ initial mutations appeared (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and inflected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language. This period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different, but also familiar character, compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages. This form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North without much dialectal diversity.		By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it had undergone [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(phonology) syncope] (cutting out unstressed vowel sounds in the middle of words. See modern "imir" + "íonn"; imríonn) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocope apocope] (loss of the final syllable) and the first traces of grammatical initial mutations appeared (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and inflected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language. This period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different, but also familiar character, compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages. This form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North without much dialectal diversity.

	Between 9th and 10th centuries the verbal system underwent significant changes and ~~the~~ stage of the language between 9th and 12th centuries is called Middle Irish. During this time the language was brought to most of Scotland and also during this stage first dialectal differences between Ireland and Scotland become noticeable. But the written language generally is kept conservative, a lot of Old Irish manuscripts are copied with just slight changes applied to them – most of the Old Irish texts that survived to this day are copies from that period.		Between the 9th and 10th centuries the verbal system underwent significant changes, and this stage of the language between the 9th and 12th centuries is called Middle Irish. During this time the language was brought to most of Scotland and also during this stage the first dialectal differences between Ireland and Scotland become noticeable. But the written language generally is kept conservative, a lot of Old Irish manuscripts are copied with just slight changes applied to them – most of the Old Irish texts that survived to this day are copies from that period.

	12th century is the start of Early Modern Irish – the orthography changes to a more recognizable one to modern readers, the grammar changes enough that many Old Irish forms fell completely out of use even in written language, the neuter gender is lost. This stage is sometimes also called ''Classical Gaelic'' – but this term is typically applied to a very strictly formalized language used in poetry in the next few centuries, the common literary language of Ireland and Scotland of that time while ''Early Modern Irish'' is applied more broadly also to the spoken language.		The 12th century is the start of Early Modern Irish – the orthography changes to a more recognizable one to modern readers, the grammar changes enough that many Old Irish forms fell completely out of use even in written language, the neuter gender is lost. This stage is sometimes also called ''Classical Gaelic'' – but this term is typically applied to a very strictly formalized language used in poetry in the next few centuries, the common literary language of Ireland and Scotland of that time while ''Early Modern Irish'' is applied more broadly also to the spoken language.

	During this stage, at the turn of the renaissance, Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the verbal system gets redone again – differently in Irish and in Scottish Gaelic and Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.		During this stage, at the turn of the renaissance, Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the verbal system gets redone again – differently in Irish and in Scottish Gaelic and Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language in general, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage as the main sources of historical influence.

	This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.		This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.

Glob: Cheartaigh mé an litriú i liosta na bhfocla toisithe

2021-10-03T07:39:09Z

Cheartaigh mé an litriú i liosta na bhfocla toisithe

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:39, 3 October 2021
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	Éire - Ireland		Éire - Ireland

	~~Uladh~~ - Ulster		Ulaidh - Ulster

	~~Connacht~~ - Connacht~~/Connaught~~		Connachta - Connacht

	Laighin - Leinster		Laighin - Leinster

Hego: /* Overview */

2021-10-02T22:51:39Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:51, 2 October 2021
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	'''Irish''' (Gaeilge; /ˈɡeːlʲɟə/), '''Irish Gaelic''' or simply just '''Gaelic''', is a [[Goidelic Languages\|Goidelic]] language spoken on the island of Ireland by about 70,000 daily speakers, of which about 20,000 live in areas, known as Gaeltachtaí (singular; Gaeltacht), where Irish is officially recognised as the language of a significant plurality of inhabitants (officially 25% but some areas, such as the Iveragh peninsula (Uíbh Ráthaigh; /ˈiːvʲ ˈɾˠɒːhɪɟ/) can drop to figures as low as 9% native speakers).		'''Irish''' (Gaeilge; /ˈɡeːlʲɟə/), '''Irish Gaelic''' or simply just '''Gaelic''', is a [[Goidelic Languages\|Goidelic]] language spoken on the island of Ireland by about 70,000 daily speakers, of which about 20,000 live in areas, known as Gaeltachtaí (singular; Gaeltacht), where Irish is officially recognised as the language of a significant plurality of inhabitants (officially 25% but some areas, such as the Iveragh peninsula (Uíbh Ráthaigh; /ˈiːvʲ ˈɾˠɒːhɪɟ/) can drop to figures as low as 9% native speakers).

	The Irish language consists more broadly of 3 dialect groupings, northern (Ulster), central (Connacht-Leinster) and southern (Munster), for the most part these dialects share very similar grammatical structures with minor vocabulary differences, however, where they differ the most is matters of pronunciation. ~~the~~ same word can also be pronounced wildly differently between dialect groups to the point where spoken intelligibility can be quite difficult and frustrating, even for native speakers although with time you can learn to understand and parse differences in speech between dialects. Irish is also a mandatory subject until the leaving-cert in Ireland, however most students in this system do not attain any appreciable understanding of or ability in the language.		The Irish language consists more broadly of 3 dialect groupings, northern (Ulster), central (Connacht-Leinster) and southern (Munster), for the most part these dialects share very similar grammatical structures with minor vocabulary differences, however, where they differ the most is matters of pronunciation. The same word can also be pronounced wildly differently between dialect groups to the point where spoken intelligibility can be quite difficult and frustrating, even for native speakers although with time you can learn to understand and parse differences in speech between dialects. Irish is also a mandatory subject until the leaving-cert in Ireland, however most students in this system do not attain any appreciable understanding of or ability in the language.

	==History==		==History==

Silmeth: /* History */

2021-10-02T22:20:01Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:20, 2 October 2021
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==History==		==History==

	The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland ~~around 500~~ BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent~~, likely through Britain~~, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it~~'s likely not~~ to ~~have distinct from~~ the ~~original Celtic language, this~~ point onward is ~~considered~~ the ~~primitive~~ Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century an alphabet was created for the language called [[~~Ogham\|"~~ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.		The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland in 1st millennium BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language, likely from Britain (where it was brought earlier from the continent), the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but at that point it was very similar to other Celtic languages of the ancient world. This point onward is called the Primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century an alphabet was created for the language called ''[[ogham]]'' and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.

	By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it ~~lost much~~ of ~~its Indo-European~~ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Indo-European_languages~~] ~~character in this time period~~ and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and inflected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language~~, this~~ period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different, but also familiar character, compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages~~, this~~ form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.		By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it had underwent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(phonology) syncope] (loss of every second unstressed vowel) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocope apocope] (loss of final syllable) and the first traces of grammaticalized initial mutations appeared (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and inflected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language. This period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different, but also familiar character, compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages. This form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North without much dialectal diversity.

	At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the ~~neuter gender was lost, the case~~ system ~~was simplified~~ and Scottish Gaelic ~~began to split off along with~~ Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.		Between 9th and 10th centuries the verbal system underwent significant changes and the stage of the language between 9th and 12th centuries is called Middle Irish. During this time the language was brought to most of Scotland and also during this stage first dialectal differences between Ireland and Scotland become noticeable. But the written language generally is kept conservative, a lot of Old Irish manuscripts are copied with just slight changes applied to them – most of the Old Irish texts that survived to this day are copies from that period.

			12th century is the start of Early Modern Irish – the orthography changes to a more recognizable one to modern readers, the grammar changes enough that many Old Irish forms fell completely out of use even in written language, the neuter gender is lost. This stage is sometimes also called ''Classical Gaelic'' – but this term is typically applied to a very strictly formalized language used in poetry in the next few centuries, the common literary language of Ireland and Scotland of that time while ''Early Modern Irish'' is applied more broadly also to the spoken language.

			During this stage, at the turn of the renaissance, Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the verbal system gets redone again – differently in Irish and in Scottish Gaelic and Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.

	This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.		This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.

Glob: Cheartaigh mé botúinín nó beirt ins an litriú

2021-10-02T14:46:27Z

Cheartaigh mé botúinín nó beirt ins an litriú

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 2 October 2021
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==History==		==History==

	The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland around 500 BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent, likely through Britain, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it's likely not to have distinct from the original Celtic language, this point onward is considered the primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century ~~and~~ alphabet was created for the language called [[Ogham\|"ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.		The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland around 500 BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent, likely through Britain, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it's likely not to have distinct from the original Celtic language, this point onward is considered the primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century an alphabet was created for the language called [[Ogham\|"ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.

	By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it lost much of its Indo-European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages] character in this time period and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and ~~infected~~ prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language, this period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different but also familiar character compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages, this form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.		By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it lost much of its Indo-European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages] character in this time period and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and inflected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language, this period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different, but also familiar character, compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages, this form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.

	At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the neuter gender was lost, the case system was simplified and Scottish Gaelic began to split off along with Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.		At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the neuter gender was lost, the case system was simplified and Scottish Gaelic began to split off along with Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language, contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.

	This brings us to the ~~comtemporary~~ period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.		This brings us to the contemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities, aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.

	==Difficulties for Learners==		==Difficulties for Learners==

Glob: /* History */

2021-10-02T11:29:51Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 2 October 2021
Line 12:		Line 12:
	The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland around 500 BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent, likely through Britain, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it's likely not to have distinct from the original Celtic language, this point onward is considered the primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century and alphabet was created for the language called [[Ogham\|"ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.		The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland around 500 BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent, likely through Britain, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it's likely not to have distinct from the original Celtic language, this point onward is considered the primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century and alphabet was created for the language called [[Ogham\|"ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.

	By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it lost much of its Indo-European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages] character in this time period and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and infected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language, this period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different but also familiar character compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages, this form of the language, ~~[[Category:~~Old Irish~~\|Old Irish]]~~, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.		By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it lost much of its Indo-European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages] character in this time period and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and infected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language, this period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different but also familiar character compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages, this form of the language, Old Irish, was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.

	At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the neuter gender was lost, the case system was simplified and Scottish Gaelic began to split off along with Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.		At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the neuter gender was lost, the case system was simplified and Scottish Gaelic began to split off along with Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.

Glob: /* History */

2021-10-02T11:28:38Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:28, 2 October 2021
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	The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland around 500 BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent, likely through Britain, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it's likely not to have distinct from the original Celtic language, this point onward is considered the primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century and alphabet was created for the language called [[Ogham\|"ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.		The Irish language is believed to have arrived in Ireland around 500 BC with the arrival of Celtic culture and language from the continent, likely through Britain, the language they spoke can only be inferred through comparison with the various other Celtic languages but it's likely not to have distinct from the original Celtic language, this point onward is considered the primitive Irish period and lasts until the 6th century, in the 4th century and alphabet was created for the language called [[Ogham\|"ogham"]] and used letter names taken from the Irish names of various trees.

	By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it lost much of its Indo-European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages] character in this time period and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and infected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language, this period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different but also familiar character compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages, this form of the language, [[Old Irish]], was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.		By the 6th century Irish had changed drastically, it lost much of its Indo-European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages] character in this time period and the first traces of initial mutations (otherwise known as séimhiú and urú to veterans of the Irish school system, as well as a third mutation type called gemination in English) and infected prepositions (le; liom, leat, leis etc) appear in the language, this period marks the switch over to a Latin alphabet spelling system based on British Latin, as such it has quite a different but also familiar character compared to the modern spellings of words in the Gaelic languages, this form of the language, [[Category:Old Irish\|Old Irish]], was spoken across Ireland, the Isle of Mann, Galloway and the Scottish Highlands and short-lived colonies on the Welsh coast, particularly the North.

	At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the neuter gender was lost, the case system was simplified and Scottish Gaelic began to split off along with Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.		At the turn of the renaissance Irish was beginning to evolve into a more modern form, the neuter gender was lost, the case system was simplified and Scottish Gaelic began to split off along with Manx, it was also during this period that the dominance of English began to take hold in Ireland as the language of the people, however it should be noted that despite the long period of coexistence with English there is a relatively low amount of influence from the language contrary to popular belief among the Irish people of today, with languages like French (see terms; '''gasúr''', '''eaglais''', '''seomra''') and Latin (see terms; '''múr''', '''saighead''', '''póg''') taking centre stage.

	This brings us to the comtemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.		This brings us to the comtemporary period where the language shift to English has largely been completed in most localities aside from those pockets of Gaeltacht on the Western seaboard, however within these communities the language can often be quite vibrant and alive in its use among all generations and while the number of daily speakers by and large has declined over the years this is not a consistent trend, with some years (eg. 2011) registering an increase in daily use. At least there is the potential for optimism towards the future, although it will by and large stay a minority language.

	==Difficulties for Learners==		==Difficulties for Learners==

Glob: /* Difficulties for Learners */

2021-10-02T11:27:11Z

Difficulties for Learners

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	A palatalised sound is a sound that's produced with your tongue also raised up to the front of your palate (as if to make a y sound) while you're also producing the main sound and a velarised sound is one that's made with your tongue raised to the back of your palate instead (to roughly the area the hard k and g sounds are made in English), every consonant in Irish except the sound /h/ (written th) has one palatalised and one velarised version, no sounds are pronounced without these extra features. Velarised, or '''broad''', consonants are pronounced whenever there's an adjacent, written a, o, or u, these don't have to be pronounced as an a, o, or u sound for this to take effect; and palatalised, or '''slender''' sounds are pronounced whenever a consonant has an adjacent, written i or e, again this doesn't necessarily mean the vowel will be pronounced at all.		A palatalised sound is a sound that's produced with your tongue also raised up to the front of your palate (as if to make a y sound) while you're also producing the main sound and a velarised sound is one that's made with your tongue raised to the back of your palate instead (to roughly the area the hard k and g sounds are made in English), every consonant in Irish except the sound /h/ (written th) has one palatalised and one velarised version, no sounds are pronounced without these extra features. Velarised, or '''broad''', consonants are pronounced whenever there's an adjacent, written a, o, or u, these don't have to be pronounced as an a, o, or u sound for this to take effect; and palatalised, or '''slender''' sounds are pronounced whenever a consonant has an adjacent, written i or e, again this doesn't necessarily mean the vowel will be pronounced at all.

	The next way of dividing sounds is between lenited and unlenited ones. In certain positions in a word (usually in the middle or end, or after a prefix) or a sentence (after prepositions, to indicate the genitive case, certain verb forms etc) the consonants b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s and t are verbally softened, ie made into fricatives, and a h is written after it to mark the difference. This is very unintuitive for those who don't have experience using the language, as the rules for when a word is lenited or not are not easily visible all the time, so if you're considering learning Irish this will be a big hurdle for you in all likelihood, along with the other kind of mutation, [[Irish ~~Initial~~ Mutations\|eclipsis]]		The next way of dividing sounds is between lenited and unlenited ones. In certain positions in a word (usually in the middle or end, or after a prefix) or a sentence (after prepositions, to indicate the genitive case, certain verb forms etc) the consonants b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s and t are verbally softened, ie made into fricatives, and a h is written after it to mark the difference. This is very unintuitive for those who don't have experience using the language, as the rules for when a word is lenited or not are not easily visible all the time, so if you're considering learning Irish this will be a big hurdle for you in all likelihood, along with the other kind of mutation, [[Irish/Mutations\|eclipsis]]

	Vowels can also be pronounced long or short, long vowels are written with an acute accent and are á, í, é, ó and ú. These can be difficult to pronounce correctly when not stressed for speakers of languages that lack them, but with a bit of practice and listening to recordings they can be learned easily.		Vowels can also be pronounced long or short, long vowels are written with an acute accent and are á, í, é, ó and ú. These can be difficult to pronounce correctly when not stressed for speakers of languages that lack them, but with a bit of practice and listening to recordings they can be learned easily.

Glob at 19:23, 1 October 2021

2021-10-01T19:23:33Z

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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	'''Irish''' (Gaeilge; /ˈɡeːlʲɟə/), '''Irish Gaelic''' or simply just '''Gaelic''', is a [[Goidelic Languages\|Goidelic]] language spoken on the island of Ireland by about 70,000 daily speakers, of which about 20,000 live in areas, known as Gaeltachtaí (singular; Gaeltacht), where Irish is officially recognised as the language of a significant plurality of inhabitants (officially 25% but some areas, such as the Iveragh peninsula (Uíbh Ráthaigh; /ˈiːvʲ ˈɾˠɒːhɪɟ/) in can drop to figures as low as 9% native speakers).		'''Irish''' (Gaeilge; /ˈɡeːlʲɟə/), '''Irish Gaelic''' or simply just '''Gaelic''', is a [[Goidelic Languages\|Goidelic]] language spoken on the island of Ireland by about 70,000 daily speakers, of which about 20,000 live in areas, known as Gaeltachtaí (singular; Gaeltacht), where Irish is officially recognised as the language of a significant plurality of inhabitants (officially 25% but some areas, such as the Iveragh peninsula (Uíbh Ráthaigh; /ˈiːvʲ ˈɾˠɒːhɪɟ/) can drop to figures as low as 9% native speakers).

	The Irish language consists more broadly of 3 dialect groupings, northern (Ulster), central (Connacht-Leinster) and southern (Munster), for the most part these dialects share very similar grammatical structures with minor vocabulary differences, however, where they differ the most is matters of pronunciation. the same word can also be pronounced wildly differently between dialect groups to the point where spoken intelligibility can be quite difficult and frustrating, even for native speakers although with time you can learn to understand and parse differences in speech between dialects. Irish is also a mandatory subject until the leaving-cert in Ireland, however most students in this system do not attain any appreciable understanding of or ability in the language.		The Irish language consists more broadly of 3 dialect groupings, northern (Ulster), central (Connacht-Leinster) and southern (Munster), for the most part these dialects share very similar grammatical structures with minor vocabulary differences, however, where they differ the most is matters of pronunciation. the same word can also be pronounced wildly differently between dialect groups to the point where spoken intelligibility can be quite difficult and frustrating, even for native speakers although with time you can learn to understand and parse differences in speech between dialects. Irish is also a mandatory subject until the leaving-cert in Ireland, however most students in this system do not attain any appreciable understanding of or ability in the language.