Irish/Déise Irish/Déise Phonology - Revision history

Erisceres: /* {{IPA|[ə]}} mid central vowel */

2022-11-11T11:53:06Z

{{IPA|[ə]}} mid central vowel

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 11 November 2022
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	Between two consonants of velar quality:		Between two consonants of velar quality:
	* {{IPA\|/kuːnt'''ə'''s/}} ''cuntas'' (''cúntas'') an account		* {{IPA\|/kuːnt'''ə'''s/}} ''cuntas'' (''cúntas < cunntas'') an account
	* {{IPA\|/kuːr'''ə'''m/}} ''cúram'' care		* {{IPA\|/kuːr'''ə'''m/}} ''cúram'' care
	* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark		* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark
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	* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured		* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured
	* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise		* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise
	* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta''~~, (''reabharta'')~~ a spring tide		* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'' a spring tide

	==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====		==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====

Erisceres: /* Short Stressed Monophthongs */

2022-09-02T21:13:40Z

Short Stressed Monophthongs

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:13, 2 September 2022
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	* {{IPA\|/ṽ'''a'''ˈroːx ʃeː/}} ''mharódh sé'' (''mharóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill		* {{IPA\|/ṽ'''a'''ˈroːx ʃeː/}} ''mharódh sé'' (''mharóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
	* {{IPA\|/m'''a'''ˈroː ʃeː/}} ''maróidh sé'' (''maró sé'') future masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill		* {{IPA\|/m'''a'''ˈroː ʃeː/}} ''maróidh sé'' (''maró sé'') future masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
	* {{IPA\|/hʲ'''a'''ˈsoːx ʃeː/}} ''sheasfadh sé'' (''~~seasóch~~ sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand		* {{IPA\|/hʲ'''a'''ˈsoːx ʃeː/}} ''sheasfadh sé'' (''sheasóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand
	* {{IPA\|/ʃ'''a'''ˈsoː ʃeː/}} ''seasfaidh sé'' (''seasó sé'') future masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand		* {{IPA\|/ʃ'''a'''ˈsoː ʃeː/}} ''seasfaidh sé'' (''seasó sé'') future masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand

Erisceres: Prepositional apheresis

2022-08-12T01:29:35Z

Prepositional apheresis

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:29, 12 August 2022
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	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir'', (''<nowiki>'dir</nowiki>'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir'', (''<nowiki>'dir</nowiki>'')

	There is at least ~~two cases~~ of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:		Some of the pronominal conjugations of the preposition ''ar'' can shift stress from the first syllable to the second and undergo apheresis accordingly if the preceding word ends in a consonant:
			* {{IPA\|/'''o'''rəm/ > /r'''o'''m/}} ''orm'' (''oram'', ''<nowiki>'rom</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''e'''rʲəŋʲ/ > /r'''i'''ŋʲ/}} ''orainn'' (''oiring'', ''<nowiki>'ruing</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''e'''rʲəvʲ/ > /r'''i'''vʲ/}} ''oraibh'' (''oiribh'', ''<nowiki>'ruibh</nowiki>'')

			The monosyllabic pronominal forms of ''ar'' may undergo apheresis if the preceding word ends in a consonant:
			* {{IPA\|/('''o''')rt/}} ''ort'', (''<nowiki>'rt</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''e''')rʲ/}} ''air'' (''oir'', ''<nowiki>'r</nowiki>'')

			The remaining pronominal forms of ''ar'' retain their disyllabic structure with stress on the first syllable and avoid apheresis:
			* {{IPA\|/'''e'''rʲhʲə/}} ''uirthi'' (''oirthe'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''o'''rhə/}} ''orthu'' (''ortha'')

			Like some of the pronominal conjugations of ''ar'', those of the preposition ''i'' can also shift stress accordingly:
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nəm/ > /n'''u'''m/}} ''ionam'' (''iunam'', ''<nowiki>'num</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nət/ > /n'''u'''t/}} ''ionat'' (''iunat'', ''<nowiki>'nut</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nəŋʲ/ > /n'''i'''ŋʲ/}} ''ionainn'' (''iunaing'', ''<nowiki>'nuing</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nəvʲ/ > /n'''i'''vʲ/}} ''ionaibh'' (''iunaibh'', ''<nowiki>'nuibh</nowiki>'')

			Other pronominal forms of the preposition ''i'' may undergo apheresis accordingly without shifting stress:
			* {{IPA\|/('''au''')n/}} ''ann'', (''<nowiki>'n</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''au''')ntə/}} ''ionta'' (''eannta'', ''<nowiki>'nta</nowiki>'')

			Some emphatic forms of the pronominal forms of the preposition ''i'' force the shift onto the second syllable and can undergo apheresis accordingly:
			* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnumsə/}} ''ionamsa'' (''eanumsa'', ''<nowiki>'numsa</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnutsə/}} ''ionatsa'' (''eanutsa'', ''<nowiki>'nutsa</nowiki>'')

			There is at least one case of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:
	* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread		* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread

Erisceres at 18:26, 11 August 2022

2022-08-11T18:26:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:26, 11 August 2022
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	[[Category:Irish]]		[[Category:Irish]]
			[[Category:Déise Irish]]

Erisceres: /* Elision */

2022-08-11T02:16:52Z

Elision

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:16, 11 August 2022
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	In pretonic environments, {{IPA\|/ə/}} usually undergoes apheresis, reducing the number of syllables in a word, including in sentence-initial position; though, when immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant, the vowel remains:		In pretonic environments, {{IPA\|/ə/}} usually undergoes apheresis, reducing the number of syllables in a word, including in sentence-initial position; though, when immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant, the vowel remains:
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')~~ˈnʲiːn~~/}} ''~~iníon~~'' ~~daughter~~		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈmʲiːn/}} ''imíonn'' (''imíon'', ''<nowiki>'míon</nowiki>'') present analytic of ''imigh'' depart
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')~~ˈmʲiːn~~/}} ''~~imíonn~~'' (''~~imíon~~'') ~~present analytic of ''imigh'' depart~~		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnʲiːn/}} ''iníon'', (''<nowiki>'níon</nowiki>'') daughter
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnʲuːlʲ/}} ''inniúil'' (''iniúil'') capable		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnʲuːlʲ/}} ''inniúil'' (''iniúil'', ''<nowiki>'niúil</nowiki>'') capable

	In prepositional forms where the stress has shifted to the second syllable, absolute-initial vowels are prone to apheresis as described above:		In prepositional forms where the stress has shifted to the second syllable, absolute-initial vowels are prone to apheresis as described above:
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡum/}} ''agam'' (''agum'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡum/}} ''agam'' (''agum'', ''<nowiki>'gum</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡut/}} ''agat'' (''agut'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡut/}} ''agat'' (''agut'', ''<nowiki>'gut</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡʲe/}} ''aige''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡʲe/}} ''aige'', (''<nowiki>'ge</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡiŋʲ/}} ''againn'' (''~~againg~~'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈkʲi/}} ''aici'', (''<nowiki>'ci</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡivʲ/}} ''agaibh''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡiŋʲ/}} ''againn'' (''aguing'', ''<nowiki>'guing</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈku/}} ''acu''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡivʲ/}} ''agaibh'' (''aguibh'', ''<nowiki>'guibh</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈku/}} ''acu'', (''<nowiki>'cu</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir'', (''<nowiki>'dir</nowiki>'')

	There is at least ~~one case~~ of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:		There is at least two cases of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:
	* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread		* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread

Erisceres: /* {{IPA|[ə]}} mid central vowel */

2022-08-10T03:03:20Z

{{IPA|[ə]}} mid central vowel

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:03, 10 August 2022
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	* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured		* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured
	* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise		* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise
	* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'' (''~~robharta~~'') a spring tide		* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'', (''reabharta'') a spring tide

	==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====		==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====

Erisceres: /* {{IPA|/a/}} low front vowel */

2022-08-10T02:49:11Z

{{IPA|/a/}} low front vowel

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:49, 10 August 2022
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	Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:		Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'', ''acharan'') strife		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'', ''acharan'') strife
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' (''acara'') acre
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' (''eagala'') fear		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' (''eagala'') fear
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	Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [a]:		Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [a]:
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'', ''acharan'') strife		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'', ''acharan'') strife
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' (''acara'') acre
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' (''eagala'') fear		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' (''eagala'') fear

Erisceres: /* {{IPA|/a/}} low front vowel */

2022-08-10T02:47:07Z

{{IPA|/a/}} low front vowel

Erisceres at 02:44, 10 August 2022

2022-08-10T02:44:37Z

Erisceres at 01:57, 10 August 2022

2022-08-10T01:57:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:57, 10 August 2022
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	* {{IPA\|/kuːnt'''ə'''s/}} ''cuntas'' (''cúntas'') an account		* {{IPA\|/kuːnt'''ə'''s/}} ''cuntas'' (''cúntas'') an account
	* {{IPA\|/kuːr'''ə'''m/}} ''cúram'' care		* {{IPA\|/kuːr'''ə'''m/}} ''cúram'' care
	* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' dark		* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark
	* {{IPA\|/fol'''ə'''ṽ/}} ''folamh'' empty		* {{IPA\|/fol'''ə'''ṽ/}} ''folamh'' empty
	* {{IPA\|/ɡar'''ə'''v/}} ''garbh'' rough		* {{IPA\|/ɡar'''ə'''v/}} ''garbh'' (''garabh'') rough
	* {{IPA\|/m'''ə'''ˈkaːntə/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured		* {{IPA\|/m'''ə'''ˈkaːntə/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured

	Absolute final position following a consonant of velar quality:		Absolute final position following a consonant of velar quality:
	* {{IPA\|/dorəx'''ə'''/}} ''dorcha'' dark		* {{IPA\|/dorəx'''ə'''/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark
			* {{IPA\|/murk'''ə'''/}} ''iomarca'' (''murca'') too much
	* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured		* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured
	* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' verbal noun of ''mol'' praise		* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise
	* {{IPA\|/murk'''ə'''/}} ''iomarca'' (''murca'') too much
	* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'' (''robharta'') a spring tide		* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'' (''robharta'') a spring tide

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	In particular, when {{IPA\|/a/}} is a non-absolute initial low vowel, it does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} in the unstressed initial syllable where the stressed second syllable contains a high long vowel {{IPA\|/iː/}}, {{IPA\|/uː/}}, {{IPA\|/iə/}} or {{IPA\|/uə/}}:		In particular, when {{IPA\|/a/}} is a non-absolute initial low vowel, it does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} in the unstressed initial syllable where the stressed second syllable contains a high long vowel {{IPA\|/iː/}}, {{IPA\|/uː/}}, {{IPA\|/iə/}} or {{IPA\|/uə/}}:
	* {{IPA\|/lʲ'''a'''ˈnuːnʲtʲ/}} ''leanúint'' verbal noun of ''lean'' follow
	* {{IPA\|/bʲ'''a'''ˈnuː/}} ''beannú'' (''beanú'') verbal noun of ''beannaigh'' bless		* {{IPA\|/bʲ'''a'''ˈnuː/}} ''beannú'' (''beanú'') verbal noun of ''beannaigh'' bless
	* {{IPA\|/b'''a'''ˈlʲuː/}} ''bailiú'' verbal noun of ''bailigh'' gather		* {{IPA\|/b'''a'''ˈlʲuː/}} ''bailiú'' verbal noun of ''bailigh'' gather
	* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''ˈlʲiːnʲ/}} ''cailín'' a young woman		* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''ˈlʲiːnʲ/}} ''cailín'' a young woman
	* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''ˈhiːrʲ/}} ''cathaoir'' a chair		* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''ˈhiːrʲ/}} ''cathaoir'' a chair
			* {{IPA\|/lʲ'''a'''ˈnuːnʲtʲ/}} ''leanúint'' verbal noun of ''lean'' follow

	In exception to the above, the low vowel {{IPA\|/a/}} does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} in the unstressed initial syllable where the stressed second syllable contains the mid long vowel {{IPA\|/eː/}} in at least one instance:		In exception to the above, the low vowel {{IPA\|/a/}} does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} in the unstressed initial syllable where the stressed second syllable contains the mid long vowel {{IPA\|/eː/}} in at least one instance:
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	In another exception to vowel reduction, when {{IPA\|/a/}} is a non-absolute initial low vowel, it does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} in the unstressed initial syllable of a verb where the stressed second syllable consists of a verbal ending with the long vowel {{IPA\|/oː/}}:		In another exception to vowel reduction, when {{IPA\|/a/}} is a non-absolute initial low vowel, it does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} in the unstressed initial syllable of a verb where the stressed second syllable consists of a verbal ending with the long vowel {{IPA\|/oː/}}:
			* {{IPA\|/ṽ'''a'''ˈroːx ʃeː/}} ''mharódh sé'' (''mharóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
			* {{IPA\|/m'''a'''ˈroː ʃeː/}} ''maróidh sé'' (''maró sé'') future masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
			* {{IPA\|/hʲ'''a'''ˈsoːx ʃeː/}} ''sheasfadh sé'' (''seasóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand
	* {{IPA\|/ʃ'''a'''ˈsoː ʃeː/}} ''seasfaidh sé'' (''seasó sé'') future masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand		* {{IPA\|/ʃ'''a'''ˈsoː ʃeː/}} ''seasfaidh sé'' (''seasó sé'') future masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand
	* {{IPA\|/hʲ'''a'''ˈsoːx ʃeː/}} ''sheasfadh sé'' (''seasóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand
	* {{IPA\|/m'''a'''ˈroː ʃeː/}} ''maróidh sé'' (''maró sé'') future masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
	* {{IPA\|/ṽ'''a'''ˈroːx ʃeː/}} ''mharódh sé'' (''mharóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill

	Where the stress is contained in the third syllable, the vowel in the first syllable does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}}:		Where the stress is contained in the third syllable, the vowel in the first syllable does not reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}}:
	* {{IPA\|/b'''a'''ləˈvaːn/}} ''balbhán'' a dumb person, a silent person		* {{IPA\|/b'''a'''ləˈvaːn/}} ''balbhán'' (''balabhán'') a dumb person, a silent person
	* {{IPA\|/k'''o'''ləˈmuːrʲ/}} ''colmóir'' (''~~colmúir~~'') a hake		* {{IPA\|/k'''o'''ləˈmuːrʲ/}} ''colmóir'' (''colamúir'') a hake
	* {{IPA\|/spʲ'''a'''ləˈdoːrʲ/}} ''spealadóir'' a reaper, a scytheman		* {{IPA\|/spʲ'''a'''ləˈdoːrʲ/}} ''spealadóir'' a reaper, a scytheman
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''nʲəˈṽʲiː/}} ''ainmhí'' an animal		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''nʲəˈṽʲiː/}} ''ainmhí'' (''ainimhí'') an animal

	In exception to the above, the low vowel {{IPA\|/a/}} does reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} (and is usually deleted in absolute initial position unless immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant) in the unstressed initial syllable where the third syllable contains the stress in at least one instance:		In exception to the above, the low vowel {{IPA\|/a/}} does reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} (and is usually deleted in absolute initial position unless immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant) in the unstressed initial syllable where the third syllable contains the stress in at least one instance:
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	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' fear		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' (''eagala'') fear

	Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of palatal quality:		Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of palatal quality:
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''bʲəɡʲ/}} ''aibigh'' (''aibig'') ripen, mature		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''bʲəɡʲ/}} ''aibigh'' (''aibig'') ripen, mature
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡʲənʲə/}} ''aigne'' mind		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡʲənʲə/}} ''aigne'' (''aigine'') mind
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''nʲəmʲ/}} ''ainm'' name		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''nʲəmʲ/}} ''ainm'' (''ainim'') name

	Following a consonant of velar quality other than those of labial quality and preceding a consonant of palatal quality, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:		Following a consonant of velar quality other than those of labial quality and preceding a consonant of palatal quality, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:
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	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' fear		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ɡələ/}} ''eagla'' (''eagala'') fear

	Between two consonants of velar quality other than those with labial quality, in occasional free variation with [a]:		Between two consonants of velar quality other than those with labial quality, in occasional free variation with [a]:
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	* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''t/}} ''cat'' cat		* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''t/}} ''cat'' cat
	* {{IPA\|/d'''a'''x/}} ''dath'' (''dach'') colour		* {{IPA\|/d'''a'''x/}} ''dath'' (''dach'') colour
	* {{IPA\|/ɡ'''a'''rəv/}} ''garbh'' rough		* {{IPA\|/ɡ'''a'''rəv/}} ''garbh'' (''garabh'') rough
	* {{IPA\|/ɡ'''a'''ˈdiː/}} ''gadaí'' robber		* {{IPA\|/ɡ'''a'''ˈdiː/}} ''gadaí'' robber
	* {{IPA\|/t'''a'''rt/}} ''tart'' thirst		* {{IPA\|/t'''a'''rt/}} ''tart'' thirst
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	Between a coronal sonorant and dorsals {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA\|/ɡʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/x/}}, {{IPA\|/xʲ/}} or labials {{IPA\|/b/}}, {{IPA\|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/v/}}, {{IPA\|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/ṽ/}}, {{IPA\|/ṽʲ/}}, if the preceding syllable contains a short monophthong, an epenthetic vowel develops:		Between a coronal sonorant and dorsals {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA\|/ɡʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/x/}}, {{IPA\|/xʲ/}} or labials {{IPA\|/b/}}, {{IPA\|/bʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/v/}}, {{IPA\|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/ṽ/}}, {{IPA\|/ṽʲ/}}, if the preceding syllable contains a short monophthong, an epenthetic vowel develops:
	* {{IPA\|/ar'''ə'''ˈɡuːnʲtʲ/}} ''argóint'' (''~~argúint~~'') argument		* {{IPA\|/ar'''ə'''ˈɡuːnʲtʲ/}} ''argóint'' (''aragúint'') argument
	* {{IPA\|/bal'''ə'''v/}} ''balbh'' defective in speech, stammering, speaking indistinctly, dumb		* {{IPA\|/bal'''ə'''v/}} ''balbh'' (''balabh'') defective in speech, stammering, speaking indistinctly, dumb
	* {{IPA\|/bol'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''bolg'' belly		* {{IPA\|/bol'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''bolg'' (''bolag'') belly
	* {{IPA\|/dʲar'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''dearg'' red		* {{IPA\|/dʲar'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''dearg'' (''dearag'') red
	* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' dark		* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark
	* {{IPA\|/fʲar'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''fearg'' anger		* {{IPA\|/fʲar'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''fearg'' (''fearag'') anger
	* {{IPA\|/ɡar'''ə'''v/}} ''garbh'' rough		* {{IPA\|/ɡar'''ə'''v/}} ''garbh'' (''garabh'') rough
	* {{IPA\|/lor'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''lorg'' act of searching, seeking		* {{IPA\|/lor'''ə'''ɡ/}} ''lorg'' (''lorag'') act of searching, seeking
	* {{IPA\|/mar'''ə'''v/}} ''marbh'' dead, ruined		* {{IPA\|/mar'''ə'''v/}} ''marbh'' (''marabh'') dead, ruined
	* {{IPA\|/mʲerʲ'''ə'''ɡʲ/}} ''meirg'' rust		* {{IPA\|/mʲerʲ'''ə'''ɡʲ/}} ''meirg'' (''meirig'') rust
	* {{IPA\|/scol'''ə'''b/}} ''scolb'' ‘scollop’, pointed wattle used in thatching		* {{IPA\|/scol'''ə'''b/}} ''scolb'' (''scolab'') ‘scollop’, pointed wattle used in thatching
	* {{IPA\|/ʃan'''ə'''xəs/}} ''seanchas'' conversation		* {{IPA\|/ʃan'''ə'''xəs/}} ''seanchas'' (''seanachas'') conversation
	* {{IPA\|/ʃar'''ə'''v/}} ''searbh'' bitter		* {{IPA\|/ʃar'''ə'''v/}} ''searbh'' (''searabh'') bitter
	* {{IPA\|/ʃerʲ'''ə'''ˈvʲiːʃ/}} ''seirbhís'' service		* {{IPA\|/ʃerʲ'''ə'''ˈvʲiːʃ/}} ''seirbhís'' (''seiribhís'') service

	Where an epenthetic vowel developed before a medial {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA\|/j/}}, {{IPA\|/v/}}, {{IPA\|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/ṽ/}} or {{IPA\|/ṽʲ/}} that has since vocalised, a long monophthong or diphthong has developed:		Where an epenthetic vowel developed before a historical medial {{IPA\|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA\|/j/}}, {{IPA\|/v/}}, {{IPA\|/vʲ/}}, {{IPA\|/ṽ/}} or {{IPA\|/ṽʲ/}} that has since vocalised, a long monophthong or diphthong has developed:
			* {{IPA\|/ɡaˈr'''uː'''/}} ''garbha'' (''garú'') nominative plural of ''garbh''
	* {{IPA\|/ɡʲaˈl'''uː'''n/}} ''gealbhan'' (''gealún'') sparrow		* {{IPA\|/ɡʲaˈl'''uː'''n/}} ''gealbhan'' (''gealún'') sparrow
	* {{IPA\|/kl'''uː'''r/}} ''~~colúr~~'' (''~~clúr~~'') ~~pigeon~~		* {{IPA\|/ɡʲrʲaˈn'''uː'''r/}} ''greannmhar'' (''greanúr'') humorous
	* {{IPA\|/~~ɡaˈr~~'''uː'''/}} ''~~garbha~~'' (''~~garú~~'') ~~rough~~		* {{IPA\|/maˈr'''uː'''/}} ''marbha'' (''marú'') nominative plural of ''marbh''
			* {{IPA\|/ʃeˈrʲ'''iː'''/}} ''seirbhe'' (''seirí'') feminine genitive singular of ''searbh''

	== Elision ==		== Elision ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 11 November 2022
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	Between two consonants of velar quality:		Between two consonants of velar quality:
	* {{IPA\|/kuːnt'''ə'''s/}} ''cuntas'' (''cúntas'') an account		* {{IPA\|/kuːnt'''ə'''s/}} ''cuntas'' (''cúntas < cunntas'') an account
	* {{IPA\|/kuːr'''ə'''m/}} ''cúram'' care		* {{IPA\|/kuːr'''ə'''m/}} ''cúram'' care
	* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark		* {{IPA\|/dor'''ə'''xə/}} ''dorcha'' (''doracha'') dark
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	* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured		* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured
	* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise		* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise
	* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta''~~, (''reabharta'')~~ a spring tide		* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'' a spring tide

	==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====		==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====

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	* {{IPA\|/ṽ'''a'''ˈroːx ʃeː/}} ''mharódh sé'' (''mharóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill		* {{IPA\|/ṽ'''a'''ˈroːx ʃeː/}} ''mharódh sé'' (''mharóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
	* {{IPA\|/m'''a'''ˈroː ʃeː/}} ''maróidh sé'' (''maró sé'') future masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill		* {{IPA\|/m'''a'''ˈroː ʃeː/}} ''maróidh sé'' (''maró sé'') future masculine singular of ''maraigh'' kill
	* {{IPA\|/hʲ'''a'''ˈsoːx ʃeː/}} ''sheasfadh sé'' (''~~seasóch~~ sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand		* {{IPA\|/hʲ'''a'''ˈsoːx ʃeː/}} ''sheasfadh sé'' (''sheasóch sé'') conditional masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand
	* {{IPA\|/ʃ'''a'''ˈsoː ʃeː/}} ''seasfaidh sé'' (''seasó sé'') future masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand		* {{IPA\|/ʃ'''a'''ˈsoː ʃeː/}} ''seasfaidh sé'' (''seasó sé'') future masculine singular of ''seas'' (''seasaigh'') stand

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	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir'', (''<nowiki>'dir</nowiki>'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir'', (''<nowiki>'dir</nowiki>'')

	There is at least ~~two cases~~ of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:		Some of the pronominal conjugations of the preposition ''ar'' can shift stress from the first syllable to the second and undergo apheresis accordingly if the preceding word ends in a consonant:
			* {{IPA\|/'''o'''rəm/ > /r'''o'''m/}} ''orm'' (''oram'', ''<nowiki>'rom</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''e'''rʲəŋʲ/ > /r'''i'''ŋʲ/}} ''orainn'' (''oiring'', ''<nowiki>'ruing</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''e'''rʲəvʲ/ > /r'''i'''vʲ/}} ''oraibh'' (''oiribh'', ''<nowiki>'ruibh</nowiki>'')

			The monosyllabic pronominal forms of ''ar'' may undergo apheresis if the preceding word ends in a consonant:
			* {{IPA\|/('''o''')rt/}} ''ort'', (''<nowiki>'rt</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''e''')rʲ/}} ''air'' (''oir'', ''<nowiki>'r</nowiki>'')

			The remaining pronominal forms of ''ar'' retain their disyllabic structure with stress on the first syllable and avoid apheresis:
			* {{IPA\|/'''e'''rʲhʲə/}} ''uirthi'' (''oirthe'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''o'''rhə/}} ''orthu'' (''ortha'')

			Like some of the pronominal conjugations of ''ar'', those of the preposition ''i'' can also shift stress accordingly:
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nəm/ > /n'''u'''m/}} ''ionam'' (''iunam'', ''<nowiki>'num</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nət/ > /n'''u'''t/}} ''ionat'' (''iunat'', ''<nowiki>'nut</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nəŋʲ/ > /n'''i'''ŋʲ/}} ''ionainn'' (''iunaing'', ''<nowiki>'nuing</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/'''u'''nəvʲ/ > /n'''i'''vʲ/}} ''ionaibh'' (''iunaibh'', ''<nowiki>'nuibh</nowiki>'')

			Other pronominal forms of the preposition ''i'' may undergo apheresis accordingly without shifting stress:
			* {{IPA\|/('''au''')n/}} ''ann'', (''<nowiki>'n</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''au''')ntə/}} ''ionta'' (''eannta'', ''<nowiki>'nta</nowiki>'')

			Some emphatic forms of the pronominal forms of the preposition ''i'' force the shift onto the second syllable and can undergo apheresis accordingly:
			* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnumsə/}} ''ionamsa'' (''eanumsa'', ''<nowiki>'numsa</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnutsə/}} ''ionatsa'' (''eanutsa'', ''<nowiki>'nutsa</nowiki>'')

			There is at least one case of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:
	* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread		* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:16, 11 August 2022
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	In pretonic environments, {{IPA\|/ə/}} usually undergoes apheresis, reducing the number of syllables in a word, including in sentence-initial position; though, when immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant, the vowel remains:		In pretonic environments, {{IPA\|/ə/}} usually undergoes apheresis, reducing the number of syllables in a word, including in sentence-initial position; though, when immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant, the vowel remains:
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')~~ˈnʲiːn~~/}} ''~~iníon~~'' ~~daughter~~		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈmʲiːn/}} ''imíonn'' (''imíon'', ''<nowiki>'míon</nowiki>'') present analytic of ''imigh'' depart
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')~~ˈmʲiːn~~/}} ''~~imíonn~~'' (''~~imíon~~'') ~~present analytic of ''imigh'' depart~~		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnʲiːn/}} ''iníon'', (''<nowiki>'níon</nowiki>'') daughter
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnʲuːlʲ/}} ''inniúil'' (''iniúil'') capable		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈnʲuːlʲ/}} ''inniúil'' (''iniúil'', ''<nowiki>'niúil</nowiki>'') capable

	In prepositional forms where the stress has shifted to the second syllable, absolute-initial vowels are prone to apheresis as described above:		In prepositional forms where the stress has shifted to the second syllable, absolute-initial vowels are prone to apheresis as described above:
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡum/}} ''agam'' (''agum'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡum/}} ''agam'' (''agum'', ''<nowiki>'gum</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡut/}} ''agat'' (''agut'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡut/}} ''agat'' (''agut'', ''<nowiki>'gut</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡʲe/}} ''aige''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡʲe/}} ''aige'', (''<nowiki>'ge</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡiŋʲ/}} ''againn'' (''~~againg~~'')		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈkʲi/}} ''aici'', (''<nowiki>'ci</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡivʲ/}} ''agaibh''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡiŋʲ/}} ''againn'' (''aguing'', ''<nowiki>'guing</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈku/}} ''acu''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈɡivʲ/}} ''agaibh'' (''aguibh'', ''<nowiki>'guibh</nowiki>'')
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir''		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈku/}} ''acu'', (''<nowiki>'cu</nowiki>'')
			* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')ˈdʲirʲ/}} ''idir'', (''<nowiki>'dir</nowiki>'')

	There is at least ~~one case~~ of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:		There is at least two cases of permanent apheresis where the vowel has been lost entirely:
	* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread		* {{IPA\|/rʲaːn/}} ''arán'' (''reán'') bread

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:03, 10 August 2022
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	* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured		* {{IPA\|/məˈkaːnt'''ə'''/}} ''macánta'' honest, good-natured
	* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise		* {{IPA\|/mol'''ə'''/}} ''moladh'' (''mola'') verbal noun of ''mol'' praise
	* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'' (''~~robharta~~'') a spring tide		* {{IPA\|/rəurt'''ə'''/}} ''rabharta'', (''reabharta'') a spring tide

	==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====		==== {{IPA\|[ɘ̟]}} advanced high-mid central unrounded vowel ====

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:47, 10 August 2022
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	Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:		Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'') strife		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'', ''acharan'') strife
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn
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	Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [a]:		Absolute initial position preceding a consonant of velar quality other than {{IPA\|/s/}} or {{IPA\|/n/}}, in free variation with [a]:
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'') strife		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''xər(ə)n/}} ''achrann'' (''acharn'', ''acharan'') strife
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''kərə/}} ''acra'' acre
	* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn		* {{IPA\|/'''a'''ˈruːr/}} ''arbhar'' (''arúr'') corn
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	==== {{IPA\|[ɑ]}} low back unrounded vowel ====		==== {{IPA\|[ɑ]}} low back unrounded vowel ====
	(Breatnach 1947, '''{{IPA\|a<sup>3</sup>}}''')		(Breatnach 1947, '''{{IPA\|a<sup>3</sup>}}''')



	=== {{IPA\|/e/}} mid front unrounded vowel ===		=== {{IPA\|/e/}} mid front unrounded vowel ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:44, 10 August 2022
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	In exception to the above, the low vowel {{IPA\|/a/}} does reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} (and is usually deleted in absolute initial position unless immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant) in the unstressed initial syllable where the third syllable contains the stress in at least one instance:		In exception to the above, the low vowel {{IPA\|/a/}} does reduce to {{IPA\|/ə/}} (and is usually deleted in absolute initial position unless immediately preceded by a word ending in a consonant) in the unstressed initial syllable where the third syllable contains the stress in at least one instance:
	* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')məˈdaːn/}} ''amadán'' a fool		* {{IPA\|/('''ə''')məˈdaːn/}} ''amadán'', (''‘madán'') a fool

	=== {{IPA\|/a/}} low front vowel ===		=== {{IPA\|/a/}} low front vowel ===
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	Following a consonant of velar quality other than those of labial quality and preceding a consonant of palatal quality, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:		Following a consonant of velar quality other than those of labial quality and preceding a consonant of palatal quality, in free variation with [ɑ̈]:
	* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''hʲə ʃeː/}} ''caithfidh sé'' (''~~caithe~~ sé'') he will throw, cast; he will spend, wear; he will have to, be obliged to		* {{IPA\|/k'''a'''hʲə ʃeː/}} ''caithfidh sé'' (''caithi’ sé'') he will throw, cast; he will spend, wear; he will have to, be obliged to
	* {{IPA\|/ɡ'''a'''rʲədʲ/}} ''gairid'' short		* {{IPA\|/ɡ'''a'''rʲədʲ/}} ''gairid'' short

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	* {{IPA\|/kʲ'''a'''rt/}} ''ceart'' right		* {{IPA\|/kʲ'''a'''rt/}} ''ceart'' right
	* {{IPA\|/fʲ'''a'''r/}} ''fear'' man		* {{IPA\|/fʲ'''a'''r/}} ''fear'' man
	* {{IPA\|/(ə)ˈmʲ'''a'''xt/}} ''imeacht'' going, departure		* {{IPA\|/(ə)ˈmʲ'''a'''xt/}} ''imeacht'', (''‘meacht'') going, departure
	* {{IPA\|/lʲ'''a'''x/}} ''leath'' (''leach'') half		* {{IPA\|/lʲ'''a'''x/}} ''leath'' (''leach'') half
	* {{IPA\|/pʲ'''a'''kə/}} ''peaca'' sin		* {{IPA\|/pʲ'''a'''kə/}} ''peaca'' sin