Old Irish/Guide to Old Irish spelling - Revision history

Silmeth at 11:00, 30 January 2024

2024-01-30T11:00:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 30 January 2024
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	* {{IPA\|/a(ː)i̯/}} written ''áe'' (before broad consonant) or ''aí'' (before broad or slender), eg. ''láech, laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x/}} ‘hero’, genitive ''laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x´/}} ‘hero’s, of hero’, ''máel, maíl'' {{IPA\|/maːi̯l/}} ‘shorn, bald’, ''cáera, caíra'' {{IPA\|/kaːi̯ra/}} ‘sheep’,		* {{IPA\|/a(ː)i̯/}} written ''áe'' (before broad consonant) or ''aí'' (before broad or slender), eg. ''láech, laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x/}} ‘hero’, genitive ''laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x´/}} ‘hero’s, of hero’, ''máel, maíl'' {{IPA\|/maːi̯l/}} ‘shorn, bald’, ''cáera, caíra'' {{IPA\|/kaːi̯ra/}} ‘sheep’,
	* {{IPA\|/u(ː)i̯/}} written ''uí'', eg. ''druí'' {{IPA\|/dRuːi̯/}} ‘druid, draoi’,		* {{IPA\|/u(ː)i̯/}} written ''uí'', eg. ''druí'' {{IPA\|/dRuːi̯/}} ‘druid, draoi’,
	/oːi̯/ and {{IPA\|/aːi̯/}} fell together fairly early, {{IPA\|/uːi̯/}} merged with them too, so you get spellings like ''lóech, móel, draí'' too. In Classical Gaelic they all evolved into {{IPA\|/ɯː/}} written as ''ao'' ~ ''áo'' and evolved differently in later languages<ref>something weird happened with this diphthong/vowel in the word ''Goídelc'', it was regularly ''G'''áoi'''dhealg, G'''aoi'''dhealg'' {{IPA\|/~~ɡɯːð´əlɡ~~ ~ ~~ɡɯːɣ´əlɡ~~/}} in Classical Gaelic, but later evolved (irregularly?) into ''{{color\|green\|Gaeilg(e)}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|Gàidhlig}}, {{color\|red\|Gaelg/Gailck}}''</ref>, hence in modern languages ''aon, laoch, laoich, maol, caora, draoi(dh)''.		/oːi̯/ and {{IPA\|/aːi̯/}} fell together fairly early, {{IPA\|/uːi̯/}} merged with them too, so you get spellings like ''lóech, móel, draí'' too. In Classical Gaelic they all evolved into {{IPA\|/əː/}} written as ''ao'' ~ ''áo'' and evolved differently in later languages<ref>something weird happened with this diphthong/vowel in the word ''Goídelc'', it was regularly ''G'''áoi'''dhealg, G'''aoi'''dhealg'' {{IPA\|/ɡəːð´əlɡ ~ ɡəːɣ´əlɡ/}} in Classical Gaelic, but later evolved (irregularly?) into ''{{color\|green\|Gaeilg(e)}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|Gàidhlig}}, {{color\|red\|Gaelg/Gailck}}''</ref>, hence in modern languages ''aon, laoch, laoich, maol, caora, draoi(dh)''.

	''u''-diphthongs:		''u''-diphthongs:

Silmeth at 20:10, 13 August 2022

2022-08-13T20:10:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:10, 13 August 2022
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	But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.		But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.
	In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac~~, óäc~~'' {{IPA\|/o~~(ː)~~.əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), ''at·taat, at·taät'' {{IPA\|/aˈta.əd/}} ‘they are’. Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref name="piuthar"></ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.		In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''oäc'' (often written as ''óac'') {{IPA\|/o.əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), ''at·taat, at·taät'' {{IPA\|/aˈta.əd/}} ‘they are’. Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref name="piuthar"></ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.

	Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).		Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).

Silmeth: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */

2022-07-21T19:09:31Z

Diphthongs and hiatus

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 21 July 2022
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	The first two of them later moved towards long {{IPA\|/(ʲ)oː/}} and {{IPA\|/(ʲ)u/}} respectively, hence modern ''{{color\|green\|beo}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|beò}}'' {{IPA\|/b´oː, bjɔː/}}, ''{{color\|green\|ceol}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|ceòl}}'' {{IPA\|/k´oːl, k´ɔːl/}}, ''{{color\|green\|inniu}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|an-diugh}}'' {{IPA\|/əˈN´u(v), əN´ˈd´u/}}.		The first two of them later moved towards long {{IPA\|/(ʲ)oː/}} and {{IPA\|/(ʲ)u/}} respectively, hence modern ''{{color\|green\|beo}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|beò}}'' {{IPA\|/b´oː, bjɔː/}}, ''{{color\|green\|ceol}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|ceòl}}'' {{IPA\|/k´oːl, k´ɔːl/}}, ''{{color\|green\|inniu}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|an-diugh}}'' {{IPA\|/əˈN´u(v), əN´ˈd´u/}}.

	and the two ''a''-diphthongs which appeared from breaking of older ''ē~~, ō~~'' before broad consonants, they survived to this day:		and the two ''a''-diphthongs which appeared from breaking of older ''ē'' (before broad consonants) and ''ō'', they survived to this day:
	* {{IPA\|/iːa̯/}} written ''ía'', eg. ''grían'' {{IPA\|/g´R´iːa̯n/}} ‘sun’ (from earlier *grēna, cf. gen.sg. ''gréine'' {{IPA\|/g´R´eːn´e/}}),		* {{IPA\|/iːa̯/}} written ''ía'', eg. ''grían'' {{IPA\|/g´R´iːa̯n/}} ‘sun’ (from earlier *grēna, cf. gen.sg. ''gréine'' {{IPA\|/g´R´eːn´e/}}),
	* {{IPA\|/uːa̯/}} written ''úa'', eg. ''trúag'' {{IPA\|/tRuːa̯ɣ/}} ‘sad’.		* {{IPA\|/uːa̯/}} written ''úa'', eg. ''trúag'' {{IPA\|/tRuːa̯ɣ/}} ‘sad’.

Silmeth: /* Consonants and marking lenition or lack of lenition */ explain the use of punctum delens

2022-04-25T10:06:39Z

Consonants and marking lenition or lack of lenition: explain the use of punctum delens

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	The doubled non-lenited ''mm, ll, rr, nn'' are sometimes also written initially after unstressed words (like ''a'' ‘his, her’), so ''a mmáthair'' is unambiguously {{IPA\|/a ˈmaːθər´/}} ‘her/their mother’ (but can be written ''a máthair'' too) – spelt as if it were a single word.		The doubled non-lenited ''mm, ll, rr, nn'' are sometimes also written initially after unstressed words (like ''a'' ‘his, her’), so ''a mmáthair'' is unambiguously {{IPA\|/a ˈmaːθər´/}} ‘her/their mother’ (but can be written ''a máthair'' too) – spelt as if it were a single word.

	Lenited ''s'' and ''f'' are often ~~written~~ ''ṡ'' {{IPA\|/h/}}, ''ḟ'' (no sound). The ''s'' from old *sw can also be lenited to {{IPA\|/ɸ/}} written variously as ''f, ph, ṡ'' (so ''a fiur, a phiur, a ṡiur'' for {{IPA\|/a ˈɸ´i.ur/}} ‘his sister’, from ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}}).		Lenited ''s'' and ''f'' are often marked with the [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/punctum_delens#English ''punctum delens'']:<ref>''Punctum delens'' was originally used to indicate that a letter should be deleted (eg. because it was a typo), thus in Old Irish it was used to “delete” the ''f'' that became silent in a word, and similarly, since there was no letter for /h/, lenited ''s'' was treated as ''deleted''</ref> ''ṡ'' {{IPA\|/h/}}, ''ḟ'' (no sound). The ''s'' from old *sw can also be lenited to {{IPA\|/ɸ/}} written variously as ''f, ph, ṡ'' (so ''a fiur, a phiur, a ṡiur'' for {{IPA\|/a ˈɸ´i.ur/}} ‘his sister’, from ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}}).

	These conventions are nicely presented by two forms of the name ''Patrick'' to be found in Old Irish – it was borrowed twice from Latin '''''Patricius''''':		These conventions are nicely presented by two forms of the name ''Patrick'' to be found in Old Irish – it was borrowed twice from Latin '''''Patricius''''':

Silmeth: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */ fiur → oc fiur (make dative use clearer by including a preposition before the dative

2022-02-06T11:30:16Z

Diphthongs and hiatus: fiur → oc fiur (make dative use clearer by including a preposition before the dative

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 6 February 2022
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	Also stressed short vowels {{IPA\|/i, a, e/}} could merge with {{IPA\|/u/}} to form short diphthongs:		Also stressed short vowels {{IPA\|/i, a, e/}} could merge with {{IPA\|/u/}} to form short diphthongs:
	* {{IPA\|/iu̯/}} written ''iu'', eg. ''fiur'' {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} ~~‘man’~~ (dat.sg.),		* {{IPA\|/iu̯/}} written ''iu'', eg. ''(oc) fiur'' {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} ‘(at) a man’ (dat.sg.),
	* {{IPA\|/au̯/}} written ''au'', eg. ''baullu'' {{IPA\|/bau̯Lu/}} ‘members’ (acc.pl. of ''ball'' {{IPA\|/baL/}}) – this early merged with {{IPA\|/u/}}, hence also ''bullu'' {{IPA\|/buLu/}},		* {{IPA\|/au̯/}} written ''au'', eg. ''baullu'' {{IPA\|/bau̯Lu/}} ‘members’ (acc.pl. of ''ball'' {{IPA\|/baL/}}) – this early merged with {{IPA\|/u/}}, hence also ''bullu'' {{IPA\|/buLu/}},
	* {{IPA\|/eu̯/}} written ''eu, eo'', eg. ''(dond) euch, eoch'' {{IPA\|/eu̯x/}} ‘(to the) horse’ (dat.sg. of ''ech'' {{IPA\|/ex/}}).		* {{IPA\|/eu̯/}} written ''eu, eo'', eg. ''(dond) euch, eoch'' {{IPA\|/eu̯x/}} ‘(to the) horse’ (dat.sg. of ''ech'' {{IPA\|/ex/}}).

Silmeth: /* Diphthongs and hiatus */ use nested reference for fiür/piuthar lenition

2022-01-19T19:10:57Z

Diphthongs and hiatus: use nested reference for fiür/piuthar lenition

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:10, 19 January 2022
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	But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.		But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.
	In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac, óäc'' {{IPA\|/o(ː).əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), ''at·taat, at·taät'' {{IPA\|/aˈta.əd/}} ‘they are’. Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref>~~with {{IPA\|/pj-/}} instead of {{IPA\|/ʃ-/}} by analogical delenition of {{IPA\|/f´-/}} in the OIr. lenited form ''fiür'' {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (see the next footnote) as if from ''piür, phiür''~~</ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.		In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac, óäc'' {{IPA\|/o(ː).əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), ''at·taat, at·taät'' {{IPA\|/aˈta.əd/}} ‘they are’. Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref name="piuthar"></ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.

	Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).		Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).

			{{#tag:ref\|with {{IPA\|/pj-/}} instead of {{IPA\|/ʃ-/}} by analogical delenition of {{IPA\|/f´-/}} in the OIr. lenited form ''fiür'' {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}}<ref name="fiur"/> as if from ''piür, phiür''\|follow=piuthar}}

	=== Footnotes ===		=== Footnotes ===

Silmeth: druid did not have an etymological hiatus

2021-12-04T19:24:29Z

druid did not have an etymological hiatus

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 4 December 2021
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	But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.		But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.
	In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac, óäc'' {{IPA\|/o(ː).əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), ~~early~~ ''~~druï~~'' {{IPA\|/~~dRu~~.i/}} ~~(→ ''druí'')~~. Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref>with {{IPA\|/pj-/}} instead of {{IPA\|/ʃ-/}} by analogical delenition of {{IPA\|/f´-/}} in the OIr. lenited form ''fiür'' {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (see the next footnote) as if from ''piür, phiür''</ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.		In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac, óäc'' {{IPA\|/o(ː).əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), ''at·taat, at·taät'' {{IPA\|/aˈta.əd/}} ‘they are’. Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref>with {{IPA\|/pj-/}} instead of {{IPA\|/ʃ-/}} by analogical delenition of {{IPA\|/f´-/}} in the OIr. lenited form ''fiür'' {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (see the next footnote) as if from ''piür, phiür''</ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.

	Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).		Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).

Silmeth: /* Old Irish spelling and pronunciation of vowels (and marking of slender consonants) */ -rt in sacart was /rd/, got devoiced to /rt/ later

2021-10-26T11:41:34Z

Old Irish spelling and pronunciation of vowels (and marking of slender consonants): -rt in sacart was /rd/, got devoiced to /rt/ later

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 26 October 2021
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	The ‘reduced vowel {{IPA\|/ə/}}’ was written as:		The ‘reduced vowel {{IPA\|/ə/}}’ was written as:
	* ''a'' between two broad consonants, eg. ''sac'''a'''rt'' {{IPA\|/~~saɡəRt~~/}} ‘priest’,		* ''a'' between two broad consonants, eg. ''sac'''a'''rt'' {{IPA\|/saɡəRd/}} ‘priest’,
	* ''i'' between two slender consonants, eg. ''beir'''i'''d'' or ''ber'''i'''d'' {{IPA\|/b´er´əð´/}} ‘(s)he carries’,		* ''i'' between two slender consonants, eg. ''beir'''i'''d'' or ''ber'''i'''d'' {{IPA\|/b´er´əð´/}} ‘(s)he carries’,
	* ''e'' between a slender and a broad consonant, ''Goíd'''e'''lc'' {{IPA\|/ɡoːi̯ð´əlɡ/}} ‘Gaelic, Old Irish’,		* ''e'' between a slender and a broad consonant, ''Goíd'''e'''lc'' {{IPA\|/ɡoːi̯ð´əlɡ/}} ‘Gaelic, Old Irish’,

Silmeth: /* Consonants and marking lenition or lack of lenition */

2021-10-18T09:36:11Z

Consonants and marking lenition or lack of lenition

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 18 October 2021
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	=== Consonants and marking lenition or lack of lenition ===		=== Consonants and marking lenition or lack of lenition ===

	Old Irish orthography was based on Latin – as it was learnt by the Gaels from the Brythonic people – and British Latin pronunciation of that time had ~~underwent~~ basically the same processes as [[:Category:Welsh\|Welsh]]. The spelling is unintuitive to Modern Irish speakers, as it is based on Brythonic lenition patterns.		Old Irish orthography was based on Latin – as it was learnt by the Gaels from the Brythonic people – and British Latin pronunciation of that time had undergone basically the same processes as [[:Category:Welsh\|Welsh]]. The spelling is unintuitive to Modern Irish speakers, as it is based on Brythonic lenition patterns.

	* The spelling of ''initial'' consonants is easy – since initial consonants weren’t generally lenited (except for grammatical initial mutations), they are read as generally expected in Latin-based writing systems, initial ''b, d, g, p, t, c'' and ''m'' denote {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ, p, t, k, m/}} respectively.		* The spelling of ''initial'' consonants is easy – since initial consonants weren’t generally lenited (except for grammatical initial mutations), they are read as generally expected in Latin-based writing systems, initial ''b, d, g, p, t, c'' and ''m'' denote {{IPA\|/b, d, ɡ, p, t, k, m/}} respectively.

Silmeth: make Sc. blue bit darker, fix beò, ceòl phonemic transcription

2021-10-12T15:21:15Z

make Sc. blue bit darker, fix beò, ceòl phonemic transcription

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 21 July 2022
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	The first two of them later moved towards long {{IPA\|/(ʲ)oː/}} and {{IPA\|/(ʲ)u/}} respectively, hence modern ''{{color\|green\|beo}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|beò}}'' {{IPA\|/b´oː, bjɔː/}}, ''{{color\|green\|ceol}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|ceòl}}'' {{IPA\|/k´oːl, k´ɔːl/}}, ''{{color\|green\|inniu}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|an-diugh}}'' {{IPA\|/əˈN´u(v), əN´ˈd´u/}}.		The first two of them later moved towards long {{IPA\|/(ʲ)oː/}} and {{IPA\|/(ʲ)u/}} respectively, hence modern ''{{color\|green\|beo}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|beò}}'' {{IPA\|/b´oː, bjɔː/}}, ''{{color\|green\|ceol}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|ceòl}}'' {{IPA\|/k´oːl, k´ɔːl/}}, ''{{color\|green\|inniu}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|an-diugh}}'' {{IPA\|/əˈN´u(v), əN´ˈd´u/}}.

	and the two ''a''-diphthongs which appeared from breaking of older ''ē~~, ō~~'' before broad consonants, they survived to this day:		and the two ''a''-diphthongs which appeared from breaking of older ''ē'' (before broad consonants) and ''ō'', they survived to this day:
	* {{IPA\|/iːa̯/}} written ''ía'', eg. ''grían'' {{IPA\|/g´R´iːa̯n/}} ‘sun’ (from earlier *grēna, cf. gen.sg. ''gréine'' {{IPA\|/g´R´eːn´e/}}),		* {{IPA\|/iːa̯/}} written ''ía'', eg. ''grían'' {{IPA\|/g´R´iːa̯n/}} ‘sun’ (from earlier *grēna, cf. gen.sg. ''gréine'' {{IPA\|/g´R´eːn´e/}}),
	* {{IPA\|/uːa̯/}} written ''úa'', eg. ''trúag'' {{IPA\|/tRuːa̯ɣ/}} ‘sad’.		* {{IPA\|/uːa̯/}} written ''úa'', eg. ''trúag'' {{IPA\|/tRuːa̯ɣ/}} ‘sad’.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 6 February 2022
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	Also stressed short vowels {{IPA\|/i, a, e/}} could merge with {{IPA\|/u/}} to form short diphthongs:		Also stressed short vowels {{IPA\|/i, a, e/}} could merge with {{IPA\|/u/}} to form short diphthongs:
	* {{IPA\|/iu̯/}} written ''iu'', eg. ''fiur'' {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} ~~‘man’~~ (dat.sg.),		* {{IPA\|/iu̯/}} written ''iu'', eg. ''(oc) fiur'' {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} ‘(at) a man’ (dat.sg.),
	* {{IPA\|/au̯/}} written ''au'', eg. ''baullu'' {{IPA\|/bau̯Lu/}} ‘members’ (acc.pl. of ''ball'' {{IPA\|/baL/}}) – this early merged with {{IPA\|/u/}}, hence also ''bullu'' {{IPA\|/buLu/}},		* {{IPA\|/au̯/}} written ''au'', eg. ''baullu'' {{IPA\|/bau̯Lu/}} ‘members’ (acc.pl. of ''ball'' {{IPA\|/baL/}}) – this early merged with {{IPA\|/u/}}, hence also ''bullu'' {{IPA\|/buLu/}},
	* {{IPA\|/eu̯/}} written ''eu, eo'', eg. ''(dond) euch, eoch'' {{IPA\|/eu̯x/}} ‘(to the) horse’ (dat.sg. of ''ech'' {{IPA\|/ex/}}).		* {{IPA\|/eu̯/}} written ''eu, eo'', eg. ''(dond) euch, eoch'' {{IPA\|/eu̯x/}} ‘(to the) horse’ (dat.sg. of ''ech'' {{IPA\|/ex/}}).

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 26 October 2021
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	The ‘reduced vowel {{IPA\|/ə/}}’ was written as:		The ‘reduced vowel {{IPA\|/ə/}}’ was written as:
	* ''a'' between two broad consonants, eg. ''sac'''a'''rt'' {{IPA\|/~~saɡəRt~~/}} ‘priest’,		* ''a'' between two broad consonants, eg. ''sac'''a'''rt'' {{IPA\|/saɡəRd/}} ‘priest’,
	* ''i'' between two slender consonants, eg. ''beir'''i'''d'' or ''ber'''i'''d'' {{IPA\|/b´er´əð´/}} ‘(s)he carries’,		* ''i'' between two slender consonants, eg. ''beir'''i'''d'' or ''ber'''i'''d'' {{IPA\|/b´er´əð´/}} ‘(s)he carries’,
	* ''e'' between a slender and a broad consonant, ''Goíd'''e'''lc'' {{IPA\|/ɡoːi̯ð´əlɡ/}} ‘Gaelic, Old Irish’,		* ''e'' between a slender and a broad consonant, ''Goíd'''e'''lc'' {{IPA\|/ɡoːi̯ð´əlɡ/}} ‘Gaelic, Old Irish’,

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	* {{IPA\|/a(ː)i̯/}} written ''áe'' (before broad consonant) or ''aí'' (before broad or slender), eg. ''láech, laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x/}} ‘hero’, genitive ''laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x´/}} ‘hero’s, of hero’, ''máel, maíl'' {{IPA\|/maːi̯l/}} ‘shorn, bald’, ''cáera, caíra'' {{IPA\|/kaːi̯ra/}} ‘sheep’,		* {{IPA\|/a(ː)i̯/}} written ''áe'' (before broad consonant) or ''aí'' (before broad or slender), eg. ''láech, laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x/}} ‘hero’, genitive ''laích'' {{IPA\|/Laːi̯x´/}} ‘hero’s, of hero’, ''máel, maíl'' {{IPA\|/maːi̯l/}} ‘shorn, bald’, ''cáera, caíra'' {{IPA\|/kaːi̯ra/}} ‘sheep’,
	* {{IPA\|/u(ː)i̯/}} written ''uí'', eg. ''druí'' {{IPA\|/dRuːi̯/}} ‘druid, draoi’,		* {{IPA\|/u(ː)i̯/}} written ''uí'', eg. ''druí'' {{IPA\|/dRuːi̯/}} ‘druid, draoi’,
	/oːi̯/ and {{IPA\|/aːi̯/}} fell together fairly early, {{IPA\|/uːi̯/}} merged with them too, so you get spellings like ''lóech, móel, draí'' too. In Classical Gaelic they all evolved into {{IPA\|/ɯː/}} written as ''ao'' ~ ''áo'' and evolved differently in later languages<ref>something weird happened with this diphthong/vowel in the word ''Goídelc'', it was regularly ''G'''áoi'''dhealg, G'''aoi'''dhealg'' {{IPA\|/ɡɯːð´əlɡ ~ ɡɯːɣ´əlɡ/}} in Classical Gaelic, but later evolved (irregularly?) into ''{{color\|green\|Gaeilg(e)}}, {{color\|#~~00BFFF~~\|Gàidhlig}}, {{color\|red\|Gaelg/Gailck}}''</ref>, hence in modern languages ''aon, laoch, laoich, maol, caora, draoi(dh)''.		/oːi̯/ and {{IPA\|/aːi̯/}} fell together fairly early, {{IPA\|/uːi̯/}} merged with them too, so you get spellings like ''lóech, móel, draí'' too. In Classical Gaelic they all evolved into {{IPA\|/ɯː/}} written as ''ao'' ~ ''áo'' and evolved differently in later languages<ref>something weird happened with this diphthong/vowel in the word ''Goídelc'', it was regularly ''G'''áoi'''dhealg, G'''aoi'''dhealg'' {{IPA\|/ɡɯːð´əlɡ ~ ɡɯːɣ´əlɡ/}} in Classical Gaelic, but later evolved (irregularly?) into ''{{color\|green\|Gaeilg(e)}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|Gàidhlig}}, {{color\|red\|Gaelg/Gailck}}''</ref>, hence in modern languages ''aon, laoch, laoich, maol, caora, draoi(dh)''.

	''u''-diphthongs:		''u''-diphthongs:
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	* {{IPA\|/iːu̯/}} written ''íu'', eg. ''indíu'' {{IPA\|/iN´ˈd´iːu̯/}} ‘today’, ''cíuil'' {{IPA\|/k´i:u̯l´/}} ‘of music’ (gen.sg.),		* {{IPA\|/iːu̯/}} written ''íu'', eg. ''indíu'' {{IPA\|/iN´ˈd´iːu̯/}} ‘today’, ''cíuil'' {{IPA\|/k´i:u̯l´/}} ‘of music’ (gen.sg.),
	* {{IPA\|/oːu̯, aːu̯/}} written respectively ''óu'' and ''áo, áu'', eg. ''bóu'' {{IPA\|/boːu̯/}} ‘of a cow’ (gen.sg. of ''bó'') and ''báo, báu'' {{IPA\|baːu̯}} ‘of cows’ (gen.pl.) – these merged early with ''ó'', so the gen.sg. and gen.pl. both occur as just ''bó'' {{IPA\|/boː/}} too,		* {{IPA\|/oːu̯, aːu̯/}} written respectively ''óu'' and ''áo, áu'', eg. ''bóu'' {{IPA\|/boːu̯/}} ‘of a cow’ (gen.sg. of ''bó'') and ''báo, báu'' {{IPA\|baːu̯}} ‘of cows’ (gen.pl.) – these merged early with ''ó'', so the gen.sg. and gen.pl. both occur as just ''bó'' {{IPA\|/boː/}} too,
	The first two of them later moved towards long {{IPA\|/(ʲ)oː/}} and {{IPA\|/(ʲ)u/}} respectively, hence modern ''{{color\|green\|beo}}, {{color\|#~~00BFFF~~\|beò}}'' {{IPA\|/b´oː, ~~bjoː~~/}}, ''{{color\|green\|ceol}}, {{color\|#~~00BFFF~~\|ceòl}}'' {{IPA\|/k´oːl/}}, ''{{color\|green\|inniu}}, {{color\|#~~00BFFF~~\|an-diugh}}'' {{IPA\|/əˈN´u(v), əN´ˈd´u/}}.		The first two of them later moved towards long {{IPA\|/(ʲ)oː/}} and {{IPA\|/(ʲ)u/}} respectively, hence modern ''{{color\|green\|beo}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|beò}}'' {{IPA\|/b´oː, bjɔː/}}, ''{{color\|green\|ceol}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|ceòl}}'' {{IPA\|/k´oːl, k´ɔːl/}}, ''{{color\|green\|inniu}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|an-diugh}}'' {{IPA\|/əˈN´u(v), əN´ˈd´u/}}.

	and the two ''a''-diphthongs which appeared from breaking of older ''ē, ō'' before broad consonants, they survived to this day:		and the two ''a''-diphthongs which appeared from breaking of older ''ē, ō'' before broad consonants, they survived to this day:
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	But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.		But OIr. also allowed '''hiatus''', ie. two syllabic vowels standing next to each other, and most commonly two consecutive vowel signs next to each other mean that.
	In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac, óäc'' {{IPA\|/o(ː).əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), early ''druï'' {{IPA\|/dRu.i/}} (→ ''druí''). Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#~~00BFFF~~\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#~~00BFFF~~\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref>with {{IPA\|/pj-/}} instead of {{IPA\|/ʃ-/}} by analogical delenition of {{IPA\|/f´-/}} in the OIr. lenited form ''fiür'' {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (see the next footnote) as if from ''piür, phiür''</ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.		In modern editions often diaeresis (◌̈) is placed over the second one in this case, eg. ''fiach, fiäch'' {{IPA\|/f´i.əx/}} ‘raven’, ''siur, siür'' {{IPA\|/s´i.ur/}} ‘sister’, early ''óac, óäc'' {{IPA\|/o(ː).əɡ/}} ‘young’ (later ''óc'' {{IPA\|/oːɡ/}}), early ''druï'' {{IPA\|/dRu.i/}} (→ ''druí''). Hiatus generally merged with long diphthongs in Ireland before MIr. but it stayed sometimes in Sc. Gaelic, hence eg. modern Sc. G. {{color\|#00A0DA\|''fitheach''}} {{IPA\|/fi.əx/}}, {{color\|#00A0DA\|''piuthar''}} {{IPA\|/pju.ər/}}<ref>with {{IPA\|/pj-/}} instead of {{IPA\|/ʃ-/}} by analogical delenition of {{IPA\|/f´-/}} in the OIr. lenited form ''fiür'' {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (see the next footnote) as if from ''piür, phiür''</ref> vs Irish {{color\|green\|''fiach''}} {{IPA\|/f´iːəx/}}, {{color\|green\|''siúr''}} {{IPA\|/ʃuːr/}}.

	Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).		Note that when no diaeresis is written, the spelling can be ambiguous, esp. if the second element is ''u'', eg. ''fiur'' can mean either monosyllabic {{IPA\|/f´iu̯r/}} (‘man’, dat.sg.) or disyllabic {{IPA\|/f´i.ur/}} (‘sister’, lenited ''siür''<ref name="fiur">this lenition of {{IPA\|/s´/}} to {{IPA\|/f´/}} happens because in earlier language this word had {{IPA\|/sw-/}} (cf. eg. German '''''Schw'''ester'') which lenited first to {{IPA\|/hw/}} and later yielded {{IPA\|/f/}}</ref>). In unstressed syllable ''Ciu'' means {{IPA\|/C´u/}}, as mentioned above (''léiciud'' {{IPA\|/L´eːɡ´uð/}}).