User:Erisceres/Chronological Developments in the Celtic Languages - Revision history

Erisceres: /* Developments in Early Proto-Celtic */

2022-09-15T21:10:05Z

Developments in Early Proto-Celtic

Erisceres: /* Onset Clusters */

2022-09-15T20:40:54Z

Onset Clusters

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 20:40, 15 Gwynngala 2022
Linen 140:		Linen 140:

	* plosive + sonorant		* plosive + sonorant
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>pro''}} "forward"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>pneu-''}} "breath"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~tjegʷ~~-''}} "revere"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~dlegʱ~~-''}} "engage oneself"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱwer-''}} "door"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~gʲneh₃~~-''}} "know"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷrei-''}} "buy"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~gʷjeh₃~~-''}} "live"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>pro''}} "forward"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>pneu-''}} "breath"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>tjeɡʷ-''}} "revere"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dleɡʱ-''}} "engage oneself"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱwer-''}} "door"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʲneh₃-''}} "know"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷrei-''}} "buy"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʷjeh₃-''}} "live"
	* voiceless labial plosive + voicless coronal plosive		* voiceless labial plosive + voicless coronal plosive
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>pter-''}} "wing"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>pter-''}} "wing"
Linen 157:		Linen 157:
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>sh₂eh₁-i-''}} "bind"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>sh₂eh₁-i-''}} "bind"
	* sibilant + plosive + sonorant		* sibilant + plosive + sonorant
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>splei-''}} "split"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~streng~~-''}} "squeeze, tie"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>splei-''}} "split"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>strenɡ-''}} "squeeze, tie"

	==== Postvelar Initial ====		==== Postvelar Initial ====

	* postvelar + sonorant		* postvelar + sonorant
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₁leudʱ-''}} "go"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₁jeh₁-''}} "throw"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₂wes-''}} "spend the night"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₂ner-''}} "man"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~h₃meigʲʱ~~-''}} "urinate"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~h₃regʲ~~-''}} "stretch out the hands"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₁leudʱ-''}} "go"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₁jeh₁-''}} "throw"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₂wes-''}} "spend the night"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₂ner-''}} "man"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₃meiɡʲʱ-''}} "urinate"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>h₃reɡʲ-''}} "stretch out the hands"
	* postvelar + plosive		* postvelar + plosive
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃bʱel-''}} "be of use"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃bʱel-''}} "be of use"
Linen 175:		Linen 175:

	* labial or labiovelar sonorant + coronal sonorant		* labial or labiovelar sonorant + coronal sonorant
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mleuh₂-''}} "speak"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~mregʲʱu~~-''}} "short"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mneh₂-''}} "be mindful"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>wleikʷ-''}} "flowing, liquid"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>wreh₂d-''}} "branch, root"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mleuh₂-''}} "speak"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mreɡʲʱu-''}} "short"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mneh₂-''}} "be mindful"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>wleikʷ-''}} "flowing, liquid"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>wreh₂d-''}} "branch, root"

	== Dialectal Developments in Late Proto-Indo-European ==		== Dialectal Developments in Late Proto-Indo-European ==

Erisceres: /* Dialectal Developments in Late Proto-Indo-European */

2022-09-15T20:39:53Z

Dialectal Developments in Late Proto-Indo-European

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 20:39, 15 Gwynngala 2022
Linen 181:		Linen 181:
	The palatovelar plosives merged with the velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189">Stifter 2017, p. 1189</ref>		The palatovelar plosives merged with the velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189">Stifter 2017, p. 1189</ref>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʲ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡ''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>~~gʲʱ~~'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʱ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʲʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʱ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʱ''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲ''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲ''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>~~gʲʱ~~''}} from the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲ''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʲ''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʲʱ''}} from the phonemic inventory.'''

	== Developments in Argument for Italo-Celtic ==		== Developments in Argument for Italo-Celtic ==

Erisceres: /* Developments in Early Proto-Celtic */

2022-09-15T20:37:25Z

Developments in Early Proto-Celtic

Show changes

Erisceres: /* Developments in Early Proto-Celtic */

2022-09-15T20:23:27Z

Developments in Early Proto-Celtic

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 20:23, 15 Gwynngala 2022
Linen 191:		Linen 191:
	== Developments in Early Proto-Celtic ==		== Developments in Early Proto-Celtic ==

	Following the palatovelar-velar plosive merger, sequences of palatovelar plosives followed by labiovelar semivowels would merge ~~to become~~ labiovelar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>		Following the palatovelar-velar plosive merger, sequences of palatovelar plosives followed by labiovelar semivowels would merge with the labiovelar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kw'' (< ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲw'') > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kw'' (< ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲw'') > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gw'' (< ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲw'') > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʷ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gw'' (< ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲw'') > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʷ''}}

Erisceres: Outlining the chronology of Early Goidelic

2022-07-08T20:01:20Z

Outlining the chronology of Early Goidelic

Erisceres: /* Lenition: Scenario 2 */

2022-02-16T01:59:24Z

Lenition: Scenario 2

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 01:59, 16 Hwevrel 2022
Linen 258:		Linen 258:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''V''_''V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''V''_''V''}}

	The voiced ~~plosives~~, in word initial position, merged with the voiced ~~fricatives~~:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The voiced fricatives, in word initial position, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>β'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''#''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ð'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''#''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''#''_}}

	Then, finally, the voiced ~~plosives~~, following liquids, merged with the voiced ~~fricatives~~:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		Then, finally, the voiced fricatives, following liquids, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>β'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''{l, r}''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ð'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''{l, r}''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''{l, r}''_}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g''}} from the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} from the phonemic inventory, making them allophones of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g''}}.'''

	= Developments from Proto-Celtic =		= Developments from Proto-Celtic =

Erisceres: /* From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic */ Updated chronology format

2022-02-15T03:11:32Z

From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic: Updated chronology format

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 03:11, 15 Hwevrel 2022
Linen 177:		Linen 177:
	** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mleuh₂-''}} "speak"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mregʲʱu-''}} "short"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mneh₂-''}} "be mindful"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>wleikʷ-''}} "flowing, liquid"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>wreh₂d-''}} "branch, root"		** e.g. {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mleuh₂-''}} "speak"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mregʲʱu-''}} "short"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>mneh₂-''}} "be mindful"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>wleikʷ-''}} "flowing, liquid"; {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>wreh₂d-''}} "branch, root"

	== Developments ~~Towards~~ Proto-~~Celtic ==~~		== Dialectal Developments in Late Proto-Indo-European ==

	~~=== Plosives =~~==

	The palatovelar plosives merged with the velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189">Stifter 2017, p. 1189</ref>		The palatovelar plosives merged with the velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189">Stifter 2017, p. 1189</ref>
Linen 186:		Linen 184:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʱ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʱ''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲ''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲ''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʲʱ''}} from the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʲ''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʲ''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>gʲʱ''}} from the phonemic inventory.'''

			== Developments in Argument for Italo-Celtic ==

			To do

			== Developments in Early Proto-Celtic ==

	Following the palatovelar-velar plosive merger, sequences of palatovelar plosives followed by labiovelar semivowels would merge to become labiovelar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>		Following the palatovelar-velar plosive merger, sequences of palatovelar plosives followed by labiovelar semivowels would merge to become labiovelar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>
Linen 224:		Linen 228:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ'' /''#''_}}

	==== Lenition: Scenario 1 ====		=== Lenition: Scenario 1 ===

	The remaining murmured plosives merged with their voiced counterparts:<ref name="S17pp1189-90">Stifter 2017, pp. 1189-90</ref>		The remaining murmured plosives merged with their voiced counterparts:<ref name="S17pp1189-90">Stifter 2017, pp. 1189-90</ref>
Linen 237:		Linen 241:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V''_''V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V''_''V''}}

	==== Lenition: Scenario 2 ====		=== Lenition: Scenario 2 ===

	The murmured plosives underwent spirantisation:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The murmured plosives underwent spirantisation:<ref name="S17p1190"/>

Erisceres: /* Lenition: Scenario 2 */

2022-02-15T02:46:41Z

Lenition: Scenario 2

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 02:46, 15 Hwevrel 2022
Linen 243:		Linen 243:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ''}}, and added {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} to the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ''}} from, and added {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} to, the phonemic inventory.'''

	These voiced fricatives would then undergo homorganic post-nasal fortition, merging with a voiced plosive:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		These voiced fricatives would then undergo homorganic post-nasal fortition, merging with a voiced plosive:<ref name="S17p1190"/>

Erisceres: /* Plosives */ Sporadic plosive stuff

2022-02-15T02:45:27Z

Plosives: Sporadic plosive stuff

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 02:45, 15 Hwevrel 2022
Linen 214:		Linen 214:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ''}} and returned {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}} to the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ''}} and returned {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}} to the phonemic inventory.'''

			There were sporadic cases of devoicing plosives in word initial position:<ref name="S17p1190">Stifter 2017, p. 1190</ref>
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ'' /''#''_}}

	==== Lenition: Scenario 1 ====		==== Lenition: Scenario 1 ====
Linen 230:		Linen 239:
	==== Lenition: Scenario 2 ====		==== Lenition: Scenario 2 ====

	The murmured plosives underwent spirantisation:<ref name="S17p1190"~~>Stifter 2017, p. 1190<~~/~~ref~~>		The murmured plosives underwent spirantisation:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}}

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 01:59, 16 Hwevrel 2022
Linen 258:		Linen 258:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''V''_''V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''V''_''V''}}

	The voiced ~~plosives~~, in word initial position, merged with the voiced ~~fricatives~~:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The voiced fricatives, in word initial position, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>β'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''#''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ð'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''#''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''#''_}}

	Then, finally, the voiced ~~plosives~~, following liquids, merged with the voiced ~~fricatives~~:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		Then, finally, the voiced fricatives, following liquids, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>β'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''{l, r}''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ð'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''{l, r}''_}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''{l, r}''_}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g''}} from the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} from the phonemic inventory, making them allophones of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g''}}.'''

	= Developments from Proto-Celtic =		= Developments from Proto-Celtic =

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 02:45, 15 Hwevrel 2022
Linen 214:		Linen 214:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ''}} and returned {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}} to the phonemic inventory.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ''}} and returned {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ''}} to the phonemic inventory.'''

			There were sporadic cases of devoicing plosives in word initial position:<ref name="S17p1190">Stifter 2017, p. 1190</ref>
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#''_}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ'' /''#''_}}

	==== Lenition: Scenario 1 ====		==== Lenition: Scenario 1 ====
Linen 230:		Linen 239:
	==== Lenition: Scenario 2 ====		==== Lenition: Scenario 2 ====

	The murmured plosives underwent spirantisation:<ref name="S17p1190"~~>Stifter 2017, p. 1190<~~/~~ref~~>		The murmured plosives underwent spirantisation:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}}

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 21:10, 15 Gwynngala 2022
Linen 237:		Linen 237:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' /''V_V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V_V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V_V''}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣʷ'' /''V_V''}}

	=== Lenition: Scenario 2 ===		=== Lenition: Scenario 2 ===
Linen 250:		Linen 251:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' /''n_''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' /''n_''}}

	The voiced plosives, in intervocalic environments, underwent allophonic spirantisation, merging with the voiced fricatives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The voiced plosives, in intervocalic environments, underwent allophonic spirantisation, merging with the voiced fricatives, alongside the addition of a voiced labiovelar fricative:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' /''V_V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' /''V_V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V_V''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V_V''}}
			* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣʷ'' /''V_V''}}

	The voiced fricatives, in word initial position, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The voiced fricatives, in word initial position, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
Linen 264:		Linen 266:
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' /''{l, r}_''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' /''{l, r}_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' /''{l, r}_''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ'' /''{l, r}_''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} from the phonemic inventory, making them allophones of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ''}}.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} from the phonemic inventory, making them allophones of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡ''}}, alongside {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣʷ''}} being an allophone of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɡʷ''}}.'''

	= Developments from Proto-Celtic =		= Developments from Proto-Celtic =

← Amendyans kottha		Versyon a-dhia 20:01, 8 Gortheren 2022
Linen 197:		Linen 197:

	The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a palatal semivowel, became velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>		The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a palatal semivowel, became velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''}}

	The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a coronal nasal, became velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>		The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a coronal nasal, became velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}

	The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a close back rounded vowel, became velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>		The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a close back rounded vowel, became velar plosives:<ref name="S17p1189"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' /_''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷʱ'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'' /''_<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}

	Following the above developments, the voiced labiovelar plosive merged with the voiced labial plosive:<ref name="S17p1189"/>		Following the above developments, the voiced labiovelar plosive merged with the voiced labial plosive:<ref name="S17p1189"/>
Linen 220:		Linen 220:

	There were sporadic cases of devoicing plosives in word initial position:<ref name="S17p1190">Stifter 2017, p. 1190</ref>		There were sporadic cases of devoicing plosives in word initial position:<ref name="S17p1190">Stifter 2017, p. 1190</ref>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>bʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>p'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>dʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>t'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʱ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>k'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>gʷ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>kʷ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ'' /''#_''}}

	=== Lenition: Scenario 1 ===		=== Lenition: Scenario 1 ===
Linen 237:		Linen 237:

	The voiced plosives, in intervocalic environments, underwent allophonic spirantisation:<ref name="S17pp1189-90"/>		The voiced plosives, in intervocalic environments, underwent allophonic spirantisation:<ref name="S17pp1189-90"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' /''~~V''_''V~~''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' /''~~V''_''V~~''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''~~V''_''V~~''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' /''V_V''}}

	=== Lenition: Scenario 2 ===		=== Lenition: Scenario 2 ===
Linen 250:		Linen 250:

	These voiced fricatives would then undergo homorganic post-nasal fortition, merging with a voiced plosive:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		These voiced fricatives would then undergo homorganic post-nasal fortition, merging with a voiced plosive:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''m''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''m_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''n''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''n_''}}

	The voiced plosives, in intervocalic environments, underwent allophonic spirantisation, merging with the voiced fricatives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The voiced plosives, in intervocalic environments, underwent allophonic spirantisation, merging with the voiced fricatives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>β'' /''~~V''_''V~~''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>β'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>β'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ð'' /''~~V''_''V~~''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ð'' /''V_V''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''~~V''_''V~~''}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɣ'' /''V_V''}}

	The voiced fricatives, in word initial position, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		The voiced fricatives, in word initial position, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''#_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''#''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''#_''}}

	Then, finally, the voiced fricatives, following liquids, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>		Then, finally, the voiced fricatives, following liquids, merged with the voiced plosives:<ref name="S17p1190"/>
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>b'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b'' /''{l, r}_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>d'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d'' /''{l, r}_''}}
	* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''{l, r}''_}}		* {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>g'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>g'' /''{l, r}_''}}
	'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} from the phonemic inventory, making them allophones of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g''}}.'''		'''This removed {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>β''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ð''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ɣ''}} from the phonemic inventory, making them allophones of {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>b''}}, {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>d''}} and {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>g''}}.'''

Linen 299:		Linen 299:
	= Developments in Goidelic=		= Developments in Goidelic=

	~~To do~~		Preceding Monumental Ogam?

			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>m'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>n'' /''_#''}}
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>oj'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>aj'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>iː'' /''_#''}}
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>t<sup>s</sup>'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>xs'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>sː''}}
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>o'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>a''}} in final syllables and in composition vowels
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>e'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>i'' /''ˈC_sV''}} (stressed syllable)
			# Nasal fronting of {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>a''}}:
			## {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>a'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>æ'' /''_nC''}}
			## {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>a'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>æ'' /''_mC''}}
			# Nasal raising of {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>æ''}}:
			## {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ænː'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>enː''}}
			## {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>æn'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>en'' /''_#''}}
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>e'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>æ'' /''_ɣ''}} except when the following syllable contains ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>j''
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>CjV'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>CijV''}}
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>VC.wV'' > ''<nowiki></nowiki>VC.βV''}} where ''C'' is a single voiced consonant
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki></nowiki>ow'', ''<nowiki></nowiki>aw'' > ''<nowiki>*</nowiki>oː}}
			# {{IPA\|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>i'' > ''∅'' /''_#''}}


	== From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish ==		== From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish ==