User:Erisceres/McCone's Relative Chronology - Revision history

Erisceres: /* I.5.2 */

2022-10-05T12:45:11Z

I.5.2

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	! Labial		! Labial
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/b~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|b~~(b)}} ~~''*b''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/b{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|b(b)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/bː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|b(b)}} ~~''*bb''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/~~m/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|~~m(m)}} ~~''*m''}}~~		\| {{IPA\|/m(ː)/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|m(m)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/mː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|m(m)}} ~~''*mm''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	! rowspan="2" \| Coronal		! rowspan="2" \| Coronal
	! <small>Voiceless</small>		! <small>Voiceless</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/t~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|t~~(t)}} ~~''*t''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/t{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|t(t)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/tː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|t(t)}} ~~''*tt''~~}}~~<br>~~		\| {{IPA\|/s/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|s(s)}}}}
	\| {{IPA\|/s/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|s(s)}} ~~''*s''~~}}		{{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|z(z)}}}}
	{{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|z(z)}} ~~''*st''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/d~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|d~~(d)}} ~~''*d''~~}}~~<br>~~		\| {{IPA\|/d{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|d(d)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/dː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|d(d)}} ~~''*dd''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/n~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|n~~(n)}} ~~''*n''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/n{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/nː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ~~''*nn''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/l{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|l(l)}}}}
	\| {{IPA\|/l~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|l~~(l)}} ~~''*l''~~}}		{{IPA\|/r{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/lː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|l(l)}} ~~''*ll''~~}}~~<br>~~
	{{IPA\|/r~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|n~~(n)}} ~~''*r''~~}}~~<br>~~
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/rː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ~~''*rr''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \| Dorsal		! rowspan="2" \| Dorsal
	! <small>Voiceless</small>		! <small>Voiceless</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/k~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|k~~(k)}} ~~''*k''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/k{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|k(k)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/kː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|k(k)}} ~~''*kk''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/ɡ~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|g~~(g)}} ~~''*g''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɡ{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|g(g)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/ɡː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|g(g)}} ~~''*gg''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/j/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|h(h)}} ~~''*y''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/j/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|h(h)}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \| Labiodorsal		! rowspan="2" \| Labiodorsal
	! <small>Voiceless</small>		! <small>Voiceless</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/kʷ~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|q~~(q)}} ~~''*kw''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/kʷ{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|q(q)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/kʷː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|q(q)}} ~~''*kkw''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/ɡʷ~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|ng~~(ng)}} ~~''*gw''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɡʷ{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/ɡʷː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}} ~~''*ggw''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/w/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|f(f)}} ~~''*w''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/w/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|f(f)}}}}
	\|}		\|}

Erisceres: /* I.5.2 */ Phonemic table

2022-10-05T12:04:13Z

I.5.2: Phonemic table

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	=== I.5.2 ===		=== I.5.2 ===

			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			\|+ PIr. Consonants
			! colspan="2" \|
			! Plosive
			! Fricative
			! Nasal
			! Liquid
			! Glide
			\|-
			! Labial
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/b/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|b(b)}} ''*b''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/bː/}} {{smallcaps\|b(b)}} ''*bb''}}
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/m/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|m(m)}} ''*m''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/mː/}} {{smallcaps\|m(m)}} ''*mm''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Coronal
			! <small>Voiceless</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/t/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|t(t)}} ''*t''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/tː/}} {{smallcaps\|t(t)}} ''*tt''}}<br>
			\| {{IPA\|/s/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|s(s)}} ''*s''}}
			{{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|z(z)}} ''*st''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/d/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|d(d)}} ''*d''}}<br>
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/dː/}} {{smallcaps\|d(d)}} ''*dd''}}
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/n/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*n''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/nː/}} {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*nn''}}
			\| {{IPA\|/l/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|l(l)}} ''*l''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/lː/}} {{smallcaps\|l(l)}} ''*ll''}}<br>
			{{IPA\|/r/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*r''}}<br>
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/rː/}} {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*rr''}}
			\|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Dorsal
			! <small>Voiceless</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/k/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|k(k)}} ''*k''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/kː/}} {{smallcaps\|k(k)}} ''*kk''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|g(g)}} ''*g''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/ɡː/}} {{smallcaps\|g(g)}} ''*gg''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/j/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|h(h)}} ''*y''}}
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Labiodorsal
			! <small>Voiceless</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|q(q)}} ''*kw''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/kʷː/}} {{smallcaps\|q(q)}} ''*kkw''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}} ''*gw''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/ɡʷː/}} {{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}} ''*ggw''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/w/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|f(f)}} ''*w''}}
			\|}

	== I.6 Old Irish ==		== I.6 Old Irish ==

Erisceres at 11:04, 5 October 2022

2022-10-05T11:04:17Z

Erisceres: /* I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam */

2022-10-05T10:59:04Z

I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam

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	* It is written on a line formed by the edge of a stone.		* It is written on a line formed by the edge of a stone.
	* It consists of:		* It consists of:
	** one to five notches ({{smallcaps\|a}}, {{smallcaps\|o}}, {{smallcaps\|u}}, {{smallcaps\|e}}, {{smallcaps\|i}});		** one to five notches ({{color\|red\|᚛ᚐ᚜, ᚛ᚑ᚜, ᚛ᚒ᚜, ᚛ᚓ᚜, ᚛ᚔ᚜}}, transcribed as {{smallcaps\|a}}, {{smallcaps\|o}}, {{smallcaps\|u}}, {{smallcaps\|e}}, {{smallcaps\|i}});
	** one to five horizontal strokes to the right ({{smallcaps\|b}}, {{smallcaps\|l}}, {{smallcaps\|f}}, {{smallcaps\|s}}, {{smallcaps\|n}});		** one to five horizontal strokes to the right ({{color\|red\|down in the manuscript tradition; ᚛ᚁ᚜, ᚛ᚂ᚜, ᚛ᚃ᚜, ᚛ᚄ᚜, ᚛ᚅ᚜}}, transcribed as {{smallcaps\|b}}, {{smallcaps\|l}}, {{smallcaps\|f}}, {{smallcaps\|s}}, {{smallcaps\|n}});
	** one to five horizontal strokes to the left ({{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|d}}, {{smallcaps\|t}}, {{smallcaps\|c}}, {{smallcaps\|q}});		** one to five horizontal strokes to the left ({{color\|red\|up in the manuscript tradition; ᚛ᚆ᚜, ᚛ᚇ᚜, ᚛ᚈ᚜, ᚛ᚉ᚜, ᚛ᚊ᚜}}, transcribed as {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|d}}, {{smallcaps\|t}}, {{smallcaps\|c}}, {{smallcaps\|q}});
	** one to five diagonal strokes across ({{smallcaps\|m}}, {{smallcaps\|g}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}}, {{smallcaps\|z}}, {{smallcaps\|r}}).		** one to five diagonal strokes across ({{color\|red\|᚛ᚋ᚜, ᚛ᚌ᚜, ᚛ᚍ᚜, ᚛ᚎ᚜, ᚛ᚏ᚜}}, transcribed as {{smallcaps\|m}}, {{smallcaps\|g}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}}, {{smallcaps\|z}}, {{smallcaps\|r}}).
	* It is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet.		* It is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet.
	* Its twenty signs in four groups of five obviously had a numeric basis.		* Its twenty signs in four groups of five obviously had a numeric basis.

Erisceres at 10:48, 5 October 2022

2022-10-05T10:48:03Z

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	A summary of Goidelic developments chapter by chapter of Kim McCone's ''Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change'' (1996).		A summary of Goidelic developments chapter by chapter of Kim McCone's ''Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change'' (1996).

			Details marked in {{color\|red\|red}} are additional information not directly sourced from the book.

	= Chapter One: The Phonology and Orthography of the Attested Celtic Languages =		= Chapter One: The Phonology and Orthography of the Attested Celtic Languages =

Erisceres: /* I.5 Ogam Irish */

2022-10-05T10:45:37Z

I.5 Ogam Irish

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 5 October 2022
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	* There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts:		* There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts:
	** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''kollo-'' < ''koslo-'') for {{smallcaps\|c}};		** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''kollo-'' < ''koslo-'') for {{smallcaps\|c}};
	** ''cert'' “apple-tree” (< ''kʷerto-'' < ''kʷerxto-'' < ''kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5\|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps\|q}}.		** ''cert'' {{color\|red\|“apple-tree”}} (< ''kʷerto-'' < ''kʷerxto-'' < ''kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5\|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps\|q}}.
	* Since the 6th CE merger of {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA\|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps\|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA\|/kʷ/}}.		* Since the 6th CE merger of {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA\|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps\|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA\|/kʷ/}}.
	* Like {{smallcaps\|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}} and {{smallcaps\|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th CE Irish.		* Like {{smallcaps\|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}} and {{smallcaps\|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th CE Irish.
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	** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} “(of the) three sons” and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} “(of the) three sons” and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} {{color\|red\|“''Enechglass''”}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.
	** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} “''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''” shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).		** The {{color\|red\|partially Latinised}} Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} {{color\|red\|“''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''”}} shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).
	* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).
	* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).

Erisceres: /* I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam */

2022-10-05T01:02:06Z

I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:02, 5 October 2022
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	** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three ~~sons"~~ and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} “(of the) three sons” and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.
	** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} "''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''" shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).		** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} “''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''” shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).
	* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).
	* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).

Erisceres: /* I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam */

2022-10-05T00:56:23Z

I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:56, 5 October 2022
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	* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.		* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.
	* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}).		* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}).
	** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three sons" and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three sons" and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.

Erisceres: /* I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam */

2022-10-05T00:55:07Z

I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:55, 5 October 2022
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	'''Phonemic Developments'''		'''Phonemic Developments'''
	* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.		* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.
	* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}):		* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}).
	** ~~consider~~ the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]):		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** the {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} being a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occured.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three sons" and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.
			** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} "''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''" shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).
			* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).
	* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).

Erisceres: /* I.5 Ogam Irish */

2022-10-05T00:32:24Z

I.5 Ogam Irish

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:32, 5 October 2022
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	== I.5 Ogam Irish ==		== I.5 Ogam Irish ==

	=== I.5.1 ===		=== I.5.1 The Origins of Ogam ===

			'''Cultural Influences'''
	* The earliest attested method of writing Irish is Ogam.		* The earliest attested method of writing Irish is Ogam.
	* It is written on a line formed by the edge of a stone.		* It is written on a line formed by the edge of a stone.
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	* It is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet.		* It is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet.
	* Its twenty signs in four groups of five obviously had a numeric basis.		* Its twenty signs in four groups of five obviously had a numeric basis.
	* It was probably devised in the 4th ~~c. C.E~~.		* It was probably devised in the 4th CE.
	* There was probably already an established Christian community in the south of Ireland at the time.		* There was probably already an established Christian community in the south of Ireland at the time.
	* The Latin-based literacy of Christianity possibly influenced its creation.		* The Latin-based literacy of Christianity possibly influenced its creation.
	* Irish colonies were being established in Wales in the 4th ~~c. C.E.~~, providing another possible link to the learning of Latin.		* Irish colonies were being established in Wales in the 4th CE, providing another possible link to the learning of Latin.
	* Archaeological evidence shows a material link between Ireland and Roman-based communities at the time.		* Archaeological evidence shows a material link between Ireland and Roman-based communities at the time.
	* Cultural contact between these communities would have helped provide the environment and influence for its creation.		* Cultural contact between these communities would have helped provide the environment and influence for its creation.

			'''Innovations'''
	* The alphabetic characters substituted for the Ogam symbols were assigned during the much later manuscript tradition.		* The alphabetic characters substituted for the Ogam symbols were assigned during the much later manuscript tradition.
	* The omission of Latin ''p'', and phonetic pairings of {{smallcaps\|d}}/{{smallcaps\|t}} and {{smallcaps\|c}}/{{smallcaps\|q}}, show innovation with a practical focus on Primitive Irish phonology.		* The omission of Latin ''p'', and phonetic pairings of {{smallcaps\|d}}/{{smallcaps\|t}} and {{smallcaps\|c}}/{{smallcaps\|q}}, show innovation with a practical focus on Primitive Irish phonology.
	* These innovations help show the phonemic structure of Irish of the 4th ~~c. C.E~~.		* These innovations help show the phonemic structure of Irish of the 4th CE.
	* The later substitution of alphabetic characters shows deviation from the original phonemic values.		* The later substitution of alphabetic characters shows deviation from the original phonemic values.

			'''Phonemic Considerations'''
	* Bilingual inscriptions from Wales show the transcription of {{smallcaps\|v}} instead of the substituted {{smallcaps\|f}} assigned during the manuscript tradition, considering {{IPA\|/f/}} was unlikely to have arisen from {{IPA\|/w/}} during the 4th c. C.E ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#V.2.2\|V.2.2]]).		* Bilingual inscriptions from Wales show the transcription of {{smallcaps\|v}} instead of the substituted {{smallcaps\|f}} assigned during the manuscript tradition, considering {{IPA\|/f/}} was unlikely to have arisen from {{IPA\|/w/}} during the 4th c. C.E ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#V.2.2\|V.2.2]]).
	* The later reanalysis was probably due to the historical change found in the initial sound of the name of the letter:		* The later reanalysis was probably due to the historical change found in the initial sound of the name of the letter:
	** ''fern'' “alder” < ''*wernā''.		** ''fern'' “alder” < ''*wernā''.
	* The manuscript tradition did seem to recognise a written distinction between {{smallcaps\|c}} and {{smallcaps\|q}} even though the latter was lost in speech by the 6th ~~c. C.E.~~ ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* The manuscript tradition did seem to recognise a written distinction between {{smallcaps\|c}} and {{smallcaps\|q}} even though the latter was lost in speech by the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).
	* There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts:		* There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts:
	** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''kollo-'' < ''koslo-'') for {{smallcaps\|c}};		** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''kollo-'' < ''koslo-'') for {{smallcaps\|c}};
	** ''cert'' “apple-tree” (< ''kʷerto-'' < ''kʷerxto-'' < ''kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5\|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps\|q}}.		** ''cert'' “apple-tree” (< ''kʷerto-'' < ''kʷerxto-'' < ''kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5\|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps\|q}}.
	* Since the 6th ~~c. C.E.~~ merger of {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA\|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps\|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA\|/kʷ/}}.		* Since the 6th CE merger of {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA\|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps\|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA\|/kʷ/}}.
	* Like {{smallcaps\|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}} and {{smallcaps\|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th ~~c. C.E.~~ Irish.		* Like {{smallcaps\|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}} and {{smallcaps\|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th CE Irish.
	* Their assignment seems to have been a Latin-based cosmetic choice with their name initials being a contributing factor.		* Their assignment seems to have been a Latin-based cosmetic choice with their name initials being a contributing factor.
	* Their true values may have been {{IPA\|/j/}}, {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}} and {{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} respectively, or something similar, but this cannot be directly tested due to their lack of attestation on available inscriptions.		* Their true values may have been {{IPA\|/j/}}, {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}} and {{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} respectively, or something similar, but this cannot be directly tested due to their lack of attestation on available inscriptions.

			'''Phonemic Developments'''
			* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.
			* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}):
			** consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
			* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]):
			** the {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} being a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occured.
			* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).

	=== I.5.2 ===		=== I.5.2 ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 5 October 2022
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	! Labial		! Labial
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/b~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|b~~(b)}} ~~''*b''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/b{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|b(b)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/bː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|b(b)}} ~~''*bb''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/~~m/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|~~m(m)}} ~~''*m''}}~~		\| {{IPA\|/m(ː)/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|m(m)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/mː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|m(m)}} ~~''*mm''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	! rowspan="2" \| Coronal		! rowspan="2" \| Coronal
	! <small>Voiceless</small>		! <small>Voiceless</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/t~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|t~~(t)}} ~~''*t''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/t{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|t(t)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/tː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|t(t)}} ~~''*tt''~~}}~~<br>~~		\| {{IPA\|/s/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|s(s)}}}}
	\| {{IPA\|/s/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|s(s)}} ~~''*s''~~}}		{{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|z(z)}}}}
	{{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|z(z)}} ~~''*st''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/d~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|d~~(d)}} ~~''*d''~~}}~~<br>~~		\| {{IPA\|/d{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|d(d)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/dː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|d(d)}} ~~''*dd''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/n~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|n~~(n)}} ~~''*n''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/n{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/nː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ~~''*nn''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/l{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|l(l)}}}}
	\| {{IPA\|/l~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|l~~(l)}} ~~''*l''~~}}		{{IPA\|/r{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/lː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|l(l)}} ~~''*ll''~~}}~~<br>~~
	{{IPA\|/r~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|n~~(n)}} ~~''*r''~~}}~~<br>~~
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/rː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ~~''*rr''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \| Dorsal		! rowspan="2" \| Dorsal
	! <small>Voiceless</small>		! <small>Voiceless</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/k~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|k~~(k)}} ~~''*k''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/k{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|k(k)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/kː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|k(k)}} ~~''*kk''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/ɡ~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|g~~(g)}} ~~''*g''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɡ{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|g(g)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/ɡː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|g(g)}} ~~''*gg''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/j/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|h(h)}} ~~''*y''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/j/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|h(h)}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	! rowspan="2" \| Labiodorsal		! rowspan="2" \| Labiodorsal
	! <small>Voiceless</small>		! <small>Voiceless</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/kʷ~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|q~~(q)}} ~~''*kw''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/kʷ{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|q(q)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/kʷː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|q(q)}} ~~''*kkw''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! <small>Voiced</small>		! <small>Voiced</small>
	\| {{IPA\|/ɡʷ~~/}}~~ {{color\|red\|~~{{smallcaps\|ng~~(ng)}} ~~''*gw''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/ɡʷ{{color\|red\|(ː)}}/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}}}}
	{{color\|red\|~~{{IPA\|/ɡʷː/}}~~ {{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}} ~~''*ggw''~~}}
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\| {{IPA\|/w/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|f(f)}} ~~''*w''~~}}		\| {{IPA\|/w/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|f(f)}}}}
	\|}		\|}

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	=== I.5.2 ===		=== I.5.2 ===

			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
			\|+ PIr. Consonants
			! colspan="2" \|
			! Plosive
			! Fricative
			! Nasal
			! Liquid
			! Glide
			\|-
			! Labial
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/b/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|b(b)}} ''*b''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/bː/}} {{smallcaps\|b(b)}} ''*bb''}}
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/m/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|m(m)}} ''*m''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/mː/}} {{smallcaps\|m(m)}} ''*mm''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Coronal
			! <small>Voiceless</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/t/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|t(t)}} ''*t''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/tː/}} {{smallcaps\|t(t)}} ''*tt''}}<br>
			\| {{IPA\|/s/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|s(s)}} ''*s''}}
			{{IPA\|/sᵗ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|z(z)}} ''*st''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/d/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|d(d)}} ''*d''}}<br>
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/dː/}} {{smallcaps\|d(d)}} ''*dd''}}
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/n/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*n''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/nː/}} {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*nn''}}
			\| {{IPA\|/l/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|l(l)}} ''*l''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/lː/}} {{smallcaps\|l(l)}} ''*ll''}}<br>
			{{IPA\|/r/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*r''}}<br>
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/rː/}} {{smallcaps\|n(n)}} ''*rr''}}
			\|
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Dorsal
			! <small>Voiceless</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/k/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|k(k)}} ''*k''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/kː/}} {{smallcaps\|k(k)}} ''*kk''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|g(g)}} ''*g''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/ɡː/}} {{smallcaps\|g(g)}} ''*gg''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/j/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|h(h)}} ''*y''}}
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \| Labiodorsal
			! <small>Voiceless</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|q(q)}} ''*kw''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/kʷː/}} {{smallcaps\|q(q)}} ''*kkw''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! <small>Voiced</small>
			\| {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}} ''*gw''}}
			{{color\|red\|{{IPA\|/ɡʷː/}} {{smallcaps\|ng(ng)}} ''*ggw''}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\| {{IPA\|/w/}} {{color\|red\|{{smallcaps\|f(f)}} ''*w''}}
			\|}

	== I.6 Old Irish ==		== I.6 Old Irish ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 5 October 2022
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	* There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts:		* There was an obvious phonetic connection between the initials of the names for the letters but a lack of phonemic distinction between velar and labiovelar counterparts:
	** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''kollo-'' < ''koslo-'') for {{smallcaps\|c}};		** ''coll'' “hazel” (< ''kollo-'' < ''koslo-'') for {{smallcaps\|c}};
	** ''cert'' “apple-tree” (< ''kʷerto-'' < ''kʷerxto-'' < ''kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5\|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps\|q}}.		** ''cert'' {{color\|red\|“apple-tree”}} (< ''kʷerto-'' < ''kʷerxto-'' < ''kʷerkʷ-to-'' < ''perkʷ-''; [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.5\|II.1.5b]]) for {{smallcaps\|q}}.
	* Since the 6th CE merger of {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA\|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps\|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA\|/kʷ/}}.		* Since the 6th CE merger of {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} with {{IPA\|/k/}}, a second letter was needed for this written distinction and {{smallcaps\|q}} was coincidentally chosen for historical {{IPA\|/kʷ/}}.
	* Like {{smallcaps\|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}} and {{smallcaps\|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th CE Irish.		* Like {{smallcaps\|f}}, the signs {{smallcaps\|h}}, {{smallcaps\|ng}} and {{smallcaps\|z}} seem unlikely to have been devised to represent the sounds ascribed to them in the manuscript tradition as {{IPA\|/h/}}, {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA\|/z/}} were hardly distinct phonemes in 4th or 5th CE Irish.
Line 57:		Line 57:
	** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} “(of the) three sons” and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} “(of the) three sons” and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} {{color\|red\|“''Enechglass''”}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.
	** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} “''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''” shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).		** The {{color\|red\|partially Latinised}} Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} {{color\|red\|“''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''”}} shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).
	* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).
	* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:02, 5 October 2022
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	** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three ~~sons"~~ and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} “(of the) three sons” and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.
	** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} "''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''" shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).		** The partially Latinised Wroxeter Stone inscription {{smallcaps\|cvnorix macvs maqvi coline}} “''Cunorīx'' son of ''Maqqos Colinī''” shows how {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} first when followed by (rounded) back vowels before it became lost later before front vowels (and all other positions).
	* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* They then rounded a following {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/i/}} to {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} respectively ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).
	* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).		* Both finally merged with {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively in the 6th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#II.1.2\|II.1.2]]) after both raising and lowering ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.2.1\|IV.2.1b/c]] and [[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#IV.3.4\|IV.3.4]]).

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	* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.		* For as long as {{IPA\|/kʷ/}} existed in Irish, so too did {{IPA\|/ɡʷ/}}.
	* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}).		* They first dissimilated to {{IPA\|/k/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} respectively before a following rounded back vowel (i.e. {{IPA\|/u(ː)/}} or {{IPA\|/o(ː)/}}).
	** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.		** Consider the attested {{smallcaps\|dego(s)}} (which predates apocope) rather than {{smallcaps\|dengo(s)}} “flame”, “fire” < ''degw-i-s''.
	** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.		** The {{smallcaps\|⟨q⟩}} in {{smallcaps\|qunacanos}} is a hypercorrection since the distinction with {{smallcaps\|⟨c⟩}} became lost in this environment before lowering occurred.
	** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three sons" and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.		** Cases like {{smallcaps\|tria maqa}} "(of the) three sons" and {{smallcaps\|ineqaglas}} show that this dissimilation was only restricted to back vowels which were rounded.

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	== I.1 Introduction ==		== I.1 Introduction ==

	* Irish Ogam inscriptions date to the 5th and 6th ~~c. C.E~~.		* Irish Ogam inscriptions date to the 5th and 6th CE.
	* The Irish manuscript record emerged in the 7th ~~c. C.E~~.		* The Irish manuscript record emerged in the 7th CE.
	* Church literacy provided the model for vernacular writing.		* Church literacy provided the model for vernacular writing.
	* Ogam is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet.		* Ogam is almost certainly based on the Roman alphabet.
	* Manuscript orthography from the 5th to 12th ~~c. C.E.~~ was based on British Latin pronunciation.		* Manuscript orthography from the 5th to 12th CE was based on British Latin pronunciation.
	* After the 12th ~~c. C.E.~~, the orthography underwent experimental changes.		* After the 12th CE, the orthography underwent experimental changes.

	== I.5 Ogam Irish ==		== I.5 Ogam Irish ==
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	'''Phonemic Considerations'''		'''Phonemic Considerations'''
	* Bilingual inscriptions from Wales show the transcription of {{smallcaps\|v}} instead of the substituted {{smallcaps\|f}} assigned during the manuscript tradition, considering {{IPA\|/f/}} was unlikely to have arisen from {{IPA\|/w/}} during the 4th ~~c. C.E~~ ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#V.2.2\|V.2.2]]).		* Bilingual inscriptions from Wales show the transcription of {{smallcaps\|v}} instead of the substituted {{smallcaps\|f}} assigned during the manuscript tradition, considering {{IPA\|/f/}} was unlikely to have arisen from {{IPA\|/w/}} during the 4th CE ([[User:Erisceres/McCone%27s_Relative_Chronology#V.2.2\|V.2.2]]).
	* The later reanalysis was probably due to the historical change found in the initial sound of the name of the letter:		* The later reanalysis was probably due to the historical change found in the initial sound of the name of the letter:
	** ''fern'' “alder” < ''*wernā''.		** ''fern'' “alder” < ''*wernā''.