User:Erisceres/O'Nolan's Introduction to Studies in Modern Irish - Revision history

Erisceres: /* Emphatic Classification Clauses */

2023-04-21T19:49:06Z

Emphatic Classification Clauses

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:49, 21 Averil 2023
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	Alternatively, the correct information can be given in a simple format without emphasis		Alternatively, the correct information can be given in a simple format without emphasis
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar ná peann}} {{color\|Green\|é}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach lasán}}.'' – “It is neither a book nor a pen, but a match.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar ná peann}} {{color\|Green\|é}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach lasán}}.'' – “It is neither a book nor a pen, but a match.”

			<div class="warningbox">
			'''Notes on the forms of emphasis:'''<br/>
			Text here
			</div>

	== Vocabulary ==		== Vocabulary ==

Erisceres: /* Lesson I: Classification Sentences Using Masculine Nouns and Pronouns with the Copula and an Indefinite Predicate */

2023-04-21T19:43:48Z

Lesson I: Classification Sentences Using Masculine Nouns and Pronouns with the Copula and an Indefinite Predicate

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:43, 21 Averil 2023
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	= Lesson I: Classification ~~Sentences Using~~ Masculine Nouns ~~and Pronouns with the Copula and an Indefinite Predicate~~ =		= Lesson I: Classification Clauses with Masculine Nouns =

	'''Key:''' {{color\|Red\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨copula⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Blue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨predicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subpredicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Green\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subject⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|LimeGreen\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subsubject⟩}}'''}}.		'''Key:''' {{color\|Red\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨copula⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Blue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨predicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subpredicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Green\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subject⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|LimeGreen\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subsubject⟩}}'''}}.

Erisceres at 19:36, 21 April 2023

2023-04-21T19:36:49Z

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:36, 21 Averil 2023
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	'''Key:''' {{color\|Red\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨copula⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Blue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨predicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subpredicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Green\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subject⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|LimeGreen\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subsubject⟩}}'''}}.		'''Key:''' {{color\|Red\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨copula⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Blue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨predicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subpredicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Green\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subject⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|LimeGreen\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subsubject⟩}}'''}}.

	'''~~Simple Classification Clauses:~~'''		The '''copula''' is the element that links the subject to a predicate. Here, the affirmative form of the copula in the present tense is ''{{color\|Red\|is}}''.

	~~In simple classification syntax, the~~ '''~~indefinite~~ predicate''' ~~follows immediately after~~ the ~~'''copula'''~~, ~~and precedes~~ the ''~~'subject''' '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}~~{{color\|Blue\|P}}~~{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩~~''':		The '''predicate''' is the element that describes the subject. In classification clauses, the predicate is <u>always indefinite</u>; it cannot be a definite noun nor a personal pronoun. Here, the predicate is the masculine noun ''{{color\|Blue\|leabhar}}'' – “(a) book” <ref group="note">There is no indefinite article in Irish. Without the definite article, ''leabhar'' can mean either “book” or “a book” depending on the context.</ref> – which is the description being used to classify the subject. In copular classification clauses, it is the predicate that carries the syntactical stress.

	* ''~~{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}}~~ {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' ~~– “It~~ is ~~a book~~.”		The '''subject''' is the element that is being classified. Unless a specific noun is being used to refer to the subject, it is generally referred to with a pronoun. The pronoun itself conforms to the grammatical gender and number of the predicate, being a direct reference to the predicate itself. Where the predicate consists of a singular masculine noun, the singular masculine disjunctive pronoun ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' is used for the subject.

	~~The '''copula''' is the element that links the subject to a predicate. Here, the affirmative form of the copula in the present tense is ''{{color\|Red\|is}}''.~~		== Simple Classification Clauses ==

	~~The~~ '''predicate''' is the ~~element that describes~~ the subject~~. In classification clauses, the predicate is <u>always indefinite</u>; it cannot be a definite noun nor a personal pronoun. Here, the predicate is the masculine noun~~ ''{{color\|Blue\|~~leabhar~~}}'' ~~– “(a) book” <ref group="note">There is no indefinite article in Irish. Without the definite article,~~ '~~'leabhar'' can mean either “book” or “a book” depending on the context.</ref> – which is the description being used to classify the subject.~~		In simple classification syntax, the '''indefinite predicate''' follows immediately after the '''copula''', and precedes the '''subject''' '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	The '''subject''' is the element that is being classified. Unless a specific noun is being used to refer to the subject, it is generally referred to with a pronoun. The pronoun itself conforms to the grammatical gender and number of the predicate, being a direct reference to the predicate itself. Where the predicate consists of a singular masculine noun, the singular masculine disjunctive pronoun ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' is ~~used for the subject~~.		* ''{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is a book.”

	To form the present negative in classification syntax, the copular form ''{{color\|Red\|ní}}'' is used:		To form the '''present negative''' in classification syntax, the copular form ''{{color\|Red\|ní}}'' is used:

	* ''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is not a book.”		* ''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is not a book.”

	To form the present interrogative, ''{{color\|Red\|an}}'' is used:		To form the '''present interrogative''', ''{{color\|Red\|an}}'' is used:

	* ''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”		* ''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”

	~~== Questions with Simple Responses ==~~		A response to such a question doesn't repeat the '''predicate''' or '''subject'''. Rather, the '''indefinite subpredicate pronoun''' – ''{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}}'' – is employed '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}⟩''':

	A response to such a question doesn't repeat the predicate or subject. Rather, the indefinite subpredicate pronoun – ''{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}}'' – is employed '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”		* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”
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	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}.'' – “It isn't.” <ref group="note" name="ní hea">The present negative copular form ''ní'' causes ''h''-prothesis on the following word, hence ''hea''.</ref>		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}.'' – “It isn't.” <ref group="note" name="ní hea">The present negative copular form ''ní'' causes ''h''-prothesis on the following word, hence ''hea''.</ref>

	Following a negative response, the correct information can be provided with the preceding conjunction ''{{color\|Blue\|ach}}'' – “but” '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}⟩''':		Following a negative response, the correct information can be provided with the preceding '''conjunction''' ''{{color\|Blue\|ach}}'' – “but” '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é sin}}?'' – “Is that a book?” <ref group="note">The subject often employs the demonstratives ''seo'', ''sin'' and ''siúd'' – “this”, “that” and “that yonder”, respectively – by combining them with the subject pronoun.</ref>		* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é sin}}?'' – “Is that a book?” <ref group="note">The subject often employs the demonstratives ''seo'', ''sin'' and ''siúd'' – “this”, “that” and “that yonder”, respectively – by combining them with the subject pronoun.</ref>
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”

	A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the predicate interrogative pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the subsubject pronoun – ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the predicate interrogative pronoun – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the subject ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the subject refers to the predicate in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':		A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the '''predicate interrogative pronoun''' ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the '''subsubject pronoun''' – ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the '''predicate interrogative pronoun''' – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the '''subject''' ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the '''subject''' refers to the '''predicate''' in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>		* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is a book.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is a book.”

	== ~~Questions with~~ Emphatic ~~Responses~~ ==		== Emphatic Classification Clauses ==

	When responding in the negative, the correct information can be given in response by placing emphasis on the predicate as a means of contrasting with the previously suggested information. This is done by placing the predicate before the copula, placing the indefinite subpredicate pronoun in the original predicate position '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':		When responding in the negative, the correct information can be given in response by placing emphasis on the '''predicate''' as a means of contrasting with the previously suggested information. This is done by placing the '''predicate''' before the '''copula''', placing the '''indefinite subpredicate pronoun''' in the original '''predicate''' position '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”		* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}; {{color\|Blue\|peann}} {{color\|Red\|is}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It isn't; it is a pen.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}; {{color\|Blue\|peann}} {{color\|Red\|is}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It isn't; it is a pen.”

	Likewise, the true predicate can be emphasised when multiple options are presented in a question. The interrogative predicate pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cé acu}}'' <ref group="note">The prepostional pronoun ''acu'' refers to the presented alteratives, ''cé acu'' generally translating to “which of these is it”.</ref> is used to present multiple alternatives in a question, with the conjunction ''{{color\|Blue\|nó}}'' dividing the alternatives:		Likewise, the true '''predicate''' can be emphasised when multiple options are presented in a question. The '''interrogative predicate pronoun''' ''{{color\|Blue\|cé acu}}'' <ref group="note">The prepostional pronoun ''acu'' refers to the presented alteratives, ''cé acu'' generally translating to “which of these is it”.</ref> is used to present multiple alternatives in a question, with the '''conjunction''' ''{{color\|Blue\|nó}}'' dividing the alternatives:

	* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cé acu leabhar nó peann}} {{color\|Green\|é seo}}?'' – “Which is this, a book or a pen?”		* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cé acu leabhar nó peann}} {{color\|Green\|é seo}}?'' – “Which is this, a book or a pen?”

Erisceres: /* Vocabulary */

2023-04-21T19:12:51Z

Vocabulary

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:12, 21 Averil 2023
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	* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>		* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>
	* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative <ref group="note" name="ní hea"/>		* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative <ref group="note" name="ní hea"/>
	* ''an'' – present interrogative		* ''an'' – present interrogative <ref group="note">The present interrogative form of the copula – ''an'' – should not be confused with ''an'', a form of the definite article, e.g. ''an rud'' – “the thing”.</ref>

	'''Pronouns:'''		'''Pronouns:'''

Erisceres: /* Vocabulary */

2023-04-21T19:06:26Z

Vocabulary

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:06, 21 Averil 2023
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	* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>		* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>
	* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative		* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative <ref group="note" name="ní hea"/>
	* ''an'' – present interrogative		* ''an'' – present interrogative

Erisceres: Undo revision 1029 by Erisceres (talk)

2023-04-21T19:04:55Z

Undo revision 1029 by Erisceres (talk)

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:04, 21 Averil 2023
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	* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>		* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>
	* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative ~~<ref group="note" name="ní hea"\>~~		* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative
	* ''an'' – present interrogative		* ''an'' – present interrogative

Erisceres: /* Vocabulary */

2023-04-21T19:03:05Z

Vocabulary

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:03, 21 Averil 2023
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	* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>		* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>
	* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative		* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative <ref group="note" name="ní hea"\>
	* ''an'' – present interrogative		* ''an'' – present interrogative

Erisceres: /* Questions with Simple Responses */

2023-04-21T19:02:38Z

Questions with Simple Responses

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:02, 21 Averil 2023
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	The negative response would be:		The negative response would be:

	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}.'' – “It isn't.” <ref group="note">The present negative copular form ''ní'' causes ''h''-prothesis on the following word, hence ''hea''.</ref>		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}.'' – “It isn't.” <ref group="note" name="ní hea">The present negative copular form ''ní'' causes ''h''-prothesis on the following word, hence ''hea''.</ref>

	Following a negative response, the correct information can be provided with the preceding conjunction ''{{color\|Blue\|ach}}'' – “but” '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}⟩''':		Following a negative response, the correct information can be provided with the preceding conjunction ''{{color\|Blue\|ach}}'' – “but” '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}⟩''':

Erisceres: /* Vocabulary */

2023-04-21T19:01:47Z

Vocabulary

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:01, 21 Averil 2023
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	* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>		* ''is'' – present affirmative <ref group="note">The present affirmative form of the copula is often dropped in speech, e.g. ''leabhar é'' – “it is a book”.</ref>
	* ''ní<sup>H</sup>'' – present negative		* ''ní'' <sup>H</sup> – present negative
	* ''an'' – present interrogative		* ''an'' – present interrogative

Erisceres: /* Questions with Simple Responses */

2023-04-21T18:50:02Z

Questions with Simple Responses

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 18:50, 21 Averil 2023
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	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”

	A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the predicate interrogative pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the subsubject pronoun ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the predicate interrogative pronoun – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the subject ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the subject refers to the predicate in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':		A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the predicate interrogative pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the subsubject pronoun – ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the predicate interrogative pronoun – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the subject ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the subject refers to the predicate in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>		* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 19:36, 21 Averil 2023
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	'''Key:''' {{color\|Red\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨copula⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Blue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨predicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subpredicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Green\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subject⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|LimeGreen\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subsubject⟩}}'''}}.		'''Key:''' {{color\|Red\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨copula⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Blue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨predicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subpredicate⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|Green\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subject⟩}}'''}}, {{color\|LimeGreen\|'''{{smallcaps\|⟨subsubject⟩}}'''}}.

	'''~~Simple Classification Clauses:~~'''		The '''copula''' is the element that links the subject to a predicate. Here, the affirmative form of the copula in the present tense is ''{{color\|Red\|is}}''.

	~~In simple classification syntax, the~~ '''~~indefinite~~ predicate''' ~~follows immediately after~~ the ~~'''copula'''~~, ~~and precedes~~ the ''~~'subject''' '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}~~{{color\|Blue\|P}}~~{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩~~''':		The '''predicate''' is the element that describes the subject. In classification clauses, the predicate is <u>always indefinite</u>; it cannot be a definite noun nor a personal pronoun. Here, the predicate is the masculine noun ''{{color\|Blue\|leabhar}}'' – “(a) book” <ref group="note">There is no indefinite article in Irish. Without the definite article, ''leabhar'' can mean either “book” or “a book” depending on the context.</ref> – which is the description being used to classify the subject. In copular classification clauses, it is the predicate that carries the syntactical stress.

	* ''~~{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}}~~ {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' ~~– “It~~ is ~~a book~~.”		The '''subject''' is the element that is being classified. Unless a specific noun is being used to refer to the subject, it is generally referred to with a pronoun. The pronoun itself conforms to the grammatical gender and number of the predicate, being a direct reference to the predicate itself. Where the predicate consists of a singular masculine noun, the singular masculine disjunctive pronoun ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' is used for the subject.

	~~The '''copula''' is the element that links the subject to a predicate. Here, the affirmative form of the copula in the present tense is ''{{color\|Red\|is}}''.~~		== Simple Classification Clauses ==

	~~The~~ '''predicate''' is the ~~element that describes~~ the subject~~. In classification clauses, the predicate is <u>always indefinite</u>; it cannot be a definite noun nor a personal pronoun. Here, the predicate is the masculine noun~~ ''{{color\|Blue\|~~leabhar~~}}'' ~~– “(a) book” <ref group="note">There is no indefinite article in Irish. Without the definite article,~~ '~~'leabhar'' can mean either “book” or “a book” depending on the context.</ref> – which is the description being used to classify the subject.~~		In simple classification syntax, the '''indefinite predicate''' follows immediately after the '''copula''', and precedes the '''subject''' '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	The '''subject''' is the element that is being classified. Unless a specific noun is being used to refer to the subject, it is generally referred to with a pronoun. The pronoun itself conforms to the grammatical gender and number of the predicate, being a direct reference to the predicate itself. Where the predicate consists of a singular masculine noun, the singular masculine disjunctive pronoun ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' is ~~used for the subject~~.		* ''{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is a book.”

	To form the present negative in classification syntax, the copular form ''{{color\|Red\|ní}}'' is used:		To form the '''present negative''' in classification syntax, the copular form ''{{color\|Red\|ní}}'' is used:

	* ''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is not a book.”		* ''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is not a book.”

	To form the present interrogative, ''{{color\|Red\|an}}'' is used:		To form the '''present interrogative''', ''{{color\|Red\|an}}'' is used:

	* ''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”		* ''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”

	~~== Questions with Simple Responses ==~~		A response to such a question doesn't repeat the '''predicate''' or '''subject'''. Rather, the '''indefinite subpredicate pronoun''' – ''{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}}'' – is employed '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}⟩''':

	A response to such a question doesn't repeat the predicate or subject. Rather, the indefinite subpredicate pronoun – ''{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}}'' – is employed '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”		* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”
Linney 34:		Linney 32:
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}.'' – “It isn't.” <ref group="note" name="ní hea">The present negative copular form ''ní'' causes ''h''-prothesis on the following word, hence ''hea''.</ref>		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}.'' – “It isn't.” <ref group="note" name="ní hea">The present negative copular form ''ní'' causes ''h''-prothesis on the following word, hence ''hea''.</ref>

	Following a negative response, the correct information can be provided with the preceding conjunction ''{{color\|Blue\|ach}}'' – “but” '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}⟩''':		Following a negative response, the correct information can be provided with the preceding '''conjunction''' ''{{color\|Blue\|ach}}'' – “but” '''⟨{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Blue\|P}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é sin}}?'' – “Is that a book?” <ref group="note">The subject often employs the demonstratives ''seo'', ''sin'' and ''siúd'' – “this”, “that” and “that yonder”, respectively – by combining them with the subject pronoun.</ref>		* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é sin}}?'' – “Is that a book?” <ref group="note">The subject often employs the demonstratives ''seo'', ''sin'' and ''siúd'' – “this”, “that” and “that yonder”, respectively – by combining them with the subject pronoun.</ref>
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”

	A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the predicate interrogative pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the subsubject pronoun – ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the predicate interrogative pronoun – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the subject ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the subject refers to the predicate in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':		A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the '''predicate interrogative pronoun''' ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the '''subsubject pronoun''' – ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the '''predicate interrogative pronoun''' – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the '''subject''' ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the '''subject''' refers to the '''predicate''' in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>		* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is a book.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Is}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It is a book.”

	== ~~Questions with~~ Emphatic ~~Responses~~ ==		== Emphatic Classification Clauses ==

	When responding in the negative, the correct information can be given in response by placing emphasis on the predicate as a means of contrasting with the previously suggested information. This is done by placing the predicate before the copula, placing the indefinite subpredicate pronoun in the original predicate position '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':		When responding in the negative, the correct information can be given in response by placing emphasis on the '''predicate''' as a means of contrasting with the previously suggested information. This is done by placing the '''predicate''' before the '''copula''', placing the '''indefinite subpredicate pronoun''' in the original '''predicate''' position '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|Red\|C}}{{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|p}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”		* —''{{color\|Red\|An}} {{color\|Blue\|leabhar}} {{color\|Green\|é}}?'' – “Is it a book?”
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}; {{color\|Blue\|peann}} {{color\|Red\|is}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It isn't; it is a pen.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}; {{color\|Blue\|peann}} {{color\|Red\|is}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|ea}} {{color\|Green\|é}}.'' – “It isn't; it is a pen.”

	Likewise, the true predicate can be emphasised when multiple options are presented in a question. The interrogative predicate pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cé acu}}'' <ref group="note">The prepostional pronoun ''acu'' refers to the presented alteratives, ''cé acu'' generally translating to “which of these is it”.</ref> is used to present multiple alternatives in a question, with the conjunction ''{{color\|Blue\|nó}}'' dividing the alternatives:		Likewise, the true '''predicate''' can be emphasised when multiple options are presented in a question. The '''interrogative predicate pronoun''' ''{{color\|Blue\|cé acu}}'' <ref group="note">The prepostional pronoun ''acu'' refers to the presented alteratives, ''cé acu'' generally translating to “which of these is it”.</ref> is used to present multiple alternatives in a question, with the '''conjunction''' ''{{color\|Blue\|nó}}'' dividing the alternatives:

	* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cé acu leabhar nó peann}} {{color\|Green\|é seo}}?'' – “Which is this, a book or a pen?”		* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cé acu leabhar nó peann}} {{color\|Green\|é seo}}?'' – “Which is this, a book or a pen?”

←Aavriwnys ny shinney		Aavriwnys veih 18:50, 21 Averil 2023
Linney 39:		Linney 39:
	* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”		* —''{{color\|Red\|Ní}} {{color\|DeepSkyBlue\|hea}}, {{color\|Blue\|ach peann}}.'' – “It isn't, but a pen.”

	A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the predicate interrogative pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the subsubject pronoun ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the predicate interrogative pronoun – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the subject ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the subject refers to the predicate in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':		A separate copular element is not employed when the clause is headed by the predicate interrogative pronoun ''{{color\|Blue\|cad}}'' and no suggestion is offered as to the classification. in this format, the subsubject pronoun – ''{{color\|LimeGreen\|é}}'' – following the predicate interrogative pronoun – refers directly to ''{{color\|Green\|an rud}}'' in the subject ''{{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}'' (''rud'' being a masculine noun), while the ''{{color\|Green\|é}}'' in the subject refers to the predicate in question '''⟨{{color\|Blue\|P}}{{color\|LimeGreen\|s}}{{color\|Green\|S}}⟩''':

	* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>		* —''{{color\|Blue\|Cad}} {{color\|LimeGreen\|é}} {{color\|Green\|an rud é sin}}?'' – “What is it, the thing that that is?” <ref group="note">''Cad é an rud é sin?'' – this type of question is used when no suggestion is given as to the classification of the object. It can be translated more simply as “what is that thing?”</ref>