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Níl cead agat an leathanach seo a athrú, mar gheall ar an fáth seo a leanas:

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Is féidir foinse an leathanach seo a fheiceáil ná a cóipeáil:

The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish = Prepositions = == Prepositional Pronouns == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Prepositions and their prepositional pronouns ! Preposition ! 1st Sg. ! 2nd Sg. ! 3rd Masc Sg. ! 3rd Fem Sg. ! 1st Pl. ! 2nd Pl. ! 3rd Pl. |- ! ''age'' <ref group="note">The form ''age'' is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form ''aige'', but spelled this way (by some people) to distinguish between the two in writing. Though often others will just use the more standard form ''ag'' in writing.</ref> <ref group="note">''age'' can reduce to ''ag’'', ''‘ge'' or ''‘g’''; ''age'' is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a consonant; ''ag’'' is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a vowel; ''‘ge'' is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a consonant; ''‘g’'' is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a vowel. ''age'' and its pronominal forms have the stress on the second syllable and all are prone to dropping the initial vowel in initial position or when preceded by a word ending in a vowel, e.g. ''‘gam'', ''‘gat'', ''‘ge'', ''‘ci'', ''‘gainn'', ''‘gaibh'' and ''‘cu''.</ref> | ''agam'' | ''agat'' | ''aige'' | ''aici'' | ''againn'' | ''agaibh'' | ''acu'' |- ! ''ar'' <ref group="note">The form ''ar'' is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form ''air'', but spelled this way to distinguish between the two in writing.</ref> <ref group="note">Unlike ''age'', the stress can vary between the first or second syllable among the pronominal forms, often dropping the initial vowel, as in the 1st person singular ''rom'', and when the initial vowel in the monosyllabic forms can be elided by a preceding vowel, as in the 2nd person singular ''‘rt''.</ref> | ''orm'' or ''rom'' | ''ort'' | ''air'' | ''uirthi'' or ''uirthí'' | ''eirinn'' or ''orthainn'' or ''orainn'' or ''ring'' | ''oraibh'' or ''ribh'' | ''ora'' or ''ortha'' or ''ra'' |- ! ''as'' | ''asam'' | ''asat'' | ''as'' | ''aiste'' | ''asainn'' | ''asaibh'' | ''asta'' |- ! ''chún'' | ''chúm'' | ''chút'' | ''chuige'' | ''chúithe'' | ''chúinn'' | ''chúibh'' | ''chútha'' |- ! ''de'' or ''dhe'' <ref group="note" name="de and do">Other than the pronominal forms (except for the 2nd person plural), ''de'' and ''do'' are indistinguishable. ''‘ge'', the reduced form of ''age'', is sometimes used by some speakers due to analogous delenition of ''dhe'' or ''dho''.</ref> | ''díom'' or ''dhíom'' | ''díot'' or ''dhíot'' | ''de'' or ''dhe'' | ''di'' or ''dhi'' | ''dínn'' or ''dhínn'' | ''díbh'' or ''dhíbh'' | ''díobh''or ''dhíobh'' |- ! ''do'' or ''dho'' <ref group="note" name="de and do"/> | ''dom'' or ''dhom'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dúmhsa'' or ''dhúmhsa''.</ref> | ''doit'' or ''dhoit'' | ''do'' or ''dho'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dósan'' or ''dhósan''.</ref> | ''di'' or ''dhi'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dísin'' or ''dhísin''.</ref> | ''dúinn'' or ''dhúinn'' | ''díbh'' or ''dhíbh'' | ''dóibh'' or ''dhóibh'' |- ! ''fé'' | ''fúm'' | ''fút'' | ''fé'' or ''féig'' or ''féighe'' | ''fúithi'' | | | ''fútha'' |- ! ''i'' <ref group="note">In the pronominal forms, the initial syllable is often unstressed and can by elided by preceding vowels..</ref> | ''ionam'' <ref group="note">Often reduced to ''‘num''. The general emphatic form is ''numsa''.</ref> | ''ionat'' <ref group="note">The general emphatic form is ''nutsa''.</ref> | ''ann'' <ref group="note">The general emphatic form is ''on''.</ref> | ''inti'' | ''ionainn'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘nainn''.</ref> | ''ionaibh'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘naibh''.</ref> | ''iontu'' or ''annta'' |- ! ''idir'' <ref group="note">Often reduced to''‘dir''.</ref> | | | | | ''eadarainn'' | ''eadaraibh'' | ''eatarra'' |- ! ''le'' or ''lé'' | ''liom'' | ''leat'' | ''leis'' | ''léithe'' or ''léi'' | ''linn'' | ''libh'' | ''leotha'' or ''leo'' |- ! ''ó'' | ''bhuam'' or ''bhuaim'' or ''uam'' or ''uaim'' | ''bhuait'' or ''uait'' | ''bhuaidh'' or ''uaidh'' | ''bhuaithe'' or ''uaithe'' | ''bhuainn'' or ''uainn'' | ''bhuaibh'' or ''uaibh'' | ''bhuatha'' or ''uatha'' |} = Initial Mutations = == Nouns == === Following Simple Prepositions <ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> === ==== Without the Article ==== ===== Lenition ===== The following simple prepositions cause lenition: * ''ar'' * ''de'' * ''do'' * ''fé'' * ''idir'' * ''mar'' * ''ó'' * ''thear'' <ref group="note">''thear'' does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.</ref> * ''trí'' * ''um'' ===== Eclipsis ===== The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis: * ''in'' <ref group="note">Eclipsis of nouns beginning with ''b'' have both the ''m'' and the ''b'' pronounced, e.g. ''i mBéarla''.</ref> ===== ''h''-Prothesis ===== The following simple prepositions cause ''h''-prothesis: * ''le'' <ref group="note">''le'' causes no mutation in South Tipperary.</ref> * ''go'' ===== No Mutation ===== The following simple prepositions cause no mutation: * ''age'' <ref group="note">''as'' causes lenition in South Tipperary.</ref> * ''as'' * ''go dtí'', ''dtí'' * ''roimh'', ''roimhig'' ==== With the Singular Article <ref>Breatnach 1960-61, pp. 217-222.</ref> ==== Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article. ===== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ===== The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish: * ''age ‘n'', * ''ar an'', * ''as an'', * ''de ‘n'', * ''do ‘n'', * ''fé ‘n'', * ''ó ‘n'', * ''roimh ‘n'', * ''(go) dtí ‘n'', * ''leis an'', * ''thear an'', *''tríd an'', * and ''ins an''. ===== Lenition ===== Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition: * ''b'' to ''bh'', * ''p'' to ''ph'', * ''g'' to ''gh'', * ''c'' to ''ch'', * and ''s'' to ''ts''. <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns">Only affects feminine nouns with initial ''s''; masculine nouns are not mutated.</ref> ===== Eclipsis ===== Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis: * ''b'' to ''mb'', * ''p'' to ''bp'', * ''g'' to ''ng'', * ''c'' to ''gc'', * and ''f'' to ''bhf''. ===== No Mutation ===== Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation: * ''d'', * ''t'', * ''m'', * ''n'', * ''l'', * ''r'' * or ''h''. ===== Contributing Factors ===== The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun: * The form of the preposition when used with the article,<ref group="note">For example, the preposition ''le'' becomes ''leis'' when combined with the article.</ref> whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant. * The initial consonant of the noun: ** ''b'', ''g'' or ''f'' ** ''p'' or ''c'' ** ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> ===== General Rules ===== # ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations. # ''s'', only in the case of feminine nouns<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>, undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine. # ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following ''ins a’'' (or ''sa''). # ''p'' and ''c'' undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant. # ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | ! colspan="6" | Noun Initial |- ! ''b'' ! ''g'' ! ''f'' ! ''p'' ! ''c'' ! ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> |- ! ''age ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''de ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''do ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''fé ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''ó ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''roimh ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''dtí ‘n'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''ar a’'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''as a’'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''leis a’'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''thear a’'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''tríd a’'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} |- ! ''ins a’'' | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|red|E}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} | {{color|green|L}} |} ===== Deviations to the Rules ===== * Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial ''b'' and ''g'', but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead. * Contrary to rule #3, ''ins an'' (or ''sa'') had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial ''p'' and ''c'' in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation. * Contrary to rule #5, ''p'' has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers. = Notes = <references group="note"/> = Bibliography = * Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV) * Breatnach, R. B. (1984). ''Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945)''. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. * Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). ''An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann'' (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press. * Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). ''Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language'' (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. * Ward, Alan (1974). ''The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish''. University of Dublin. = References = <references /> [[Category:Irish]]

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