Gweles an bennfenten rag Irish/Déise Irish

The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish

= Morphosyntax =

== Verbs ==

=== Analytic and Synthetic Forms ===

==== South Tipperary ====

In the variety of Déise Irish that was spoken in South Tipperary, the following conjugations of the verb ''bí'' along with the most typical analytic and synthetic forms are given: <ref group="note" name="South Tipp verbs"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Ó Maolchathaigh specifically details the paradigms for the forms ''bhí'', ''thá'', ''beidh'', ''bheadh'' and ''bhíodh'' (alongside a paradigm for ''bhuail'' which functions exactly the same as the paradigm for ''bhí'').<ref name="ÓMunp320">Ó Maolchathaigh unpublished, p. 320</ref> The remaining paradigms are retrieved elsewhere<ref name="W82p44">Wagner 1982, p. 44</ref> or presumed by analogy.|group="note"|follow="South Tipp verbs"}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Conjugation of ''bí'' in South Tipperary
! Stem Form
! 1st Sg.
! 2nd Sg.
! 3rd Masc. Sg.
! 3rd Fem. Sg.
! 1st Pl.
! 2nd Pl.
! 3rd Pl.
! Conjugation Category
|-
! ''thá''
| ''thá me''
| ''thá tu'' <ref group="note" name="tháir"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives ''thár'' as a form in ''conas tathár?''.<ref name="W82p44"/> Ó Maolchathaigh gives ''táir'' as a form in ''conas táir?''.<ref name="ÓMunp123">Ó Maolchathaigh unpublished, p. 123</ref>|group="note"|follow="tháir"}}
| ''thá sé''
| ''thá sí''
| ''tháimíd''
| ''thá sibh''
| ''thá siad''
| indicative present independent affirmative
|-
! ''nín''
| ''nín me'' <ref group="note" name="nínim"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives ''nínim''.<ref name="W82p44"/>|group="note"|follow="nínim"}}
| ''nín tu''
| ''nín sé''
| ''nín sí''
| ''nínimíd'' <ref group="note" name="nínmíd"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives ''nínmíd''.<ref name="W82p44"/>|group="note"|follow="nínmíd"}}
| ''nín sibh''
| ''nín siad''
| indicative present independent negative
|-
! ''fuil''
| ''fuil me''
| ''fuil tu''
| ''fuil sé''
| ''fuil sí''
| ''fuilimíd''
| ''fuil sibh''
| ''fuil siad''
| indicative present dependent
|-
! ''bhí''
| ''bhí me''
| ''bhí tu''
| ''bhí sé''
| ''bhí sí''
| ''bhíomar'' <ref group="note" name="-amair"></ref>{{#tag:ref|While Ó Maolchathaigh had ''-amar'' endings, Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna had ''-amair'' endings.<ref name="W82p38">Wagner 1982, p. 38</ref>|group="note"|follow="-amair"}}
| ''bhíobhair''
| ''bhíodar''
| indicative past independent
|-
! ''raibh''
| ''raibh me''
| ''raibh tu''
| ''raibh sé''
| ''raibh sí''
| ''raibheamar'' <ref group="note" name="-amair"/>
| ''raibheabhair''
| ''raibheadar''
| indicative past dependent
|-
! ''beidh''
| ''beidh me''
| ''beidh tu''
| ''beidh sé''
| ''beidh sí''
| ''beimíd''
| ''beidh sibh''
| ''beidh siad''
| indicative future
|-
! ''bíonn''
| ''bím''
| ''bíonn tu''
| ''bíonn sé''
| ''bíonn sí''
| ''bímíd''
| ''bíonn sibh''
| ''bíonn siad''
| indicative present habitual
|-
! ''bhíodh''
| ''bhínn''
| ''bhítheá''
| ''bhíodh sé''
| ''bhíodh sí''
| ''bhímíst''
| ''bhíodh sibh''
| ''bhídís''
| indicative past habitual
|-
! ''bheadh''
| ''bheinn''
| ''bheitheá''
| ''bheadh sé''
| ''bheadh sí''
| ''bheimíst''
| ''bheadh sibh''
| ''bheidís''
| conditional
|}

Note: as is typical throughout Déise Irish, the interrogatives ''an bhfuil?'' and ''cá bhfuil?'' are pronounced as ''buil?'' (dropping the ''an'' particle) and ''cáil?'' (merging ''cá'' and ''bhfuil'') respectively; otherwise, the pronunciation of ''bhfuil'' is generally as expected.

== Prepositions ==

=== Prepositional Pronouns ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Prepositions and their prepositional pronouns
! Preposition
! 1st Sg.
! 2nd Sg.
! 3rd Masc. Sg.
! 3rd Fem. Sg.
! 1st Pl.
! 2nd Pl.
! 3rd Pl.
|-
! ''aige'' <ref group="note">The form ''age'' is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form ''aige'', but spelled this way (by some people) to distinguish between the two in writing. Though often others will just use the more standard form ''ag'' in writing.</ref> <ref group="note">''aige'' can reduce to ''aig’'', ''‘ge'' or ''‘g’''; ''aige'' is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a consonant; ''aig’'' is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a vowel; ''‘ge'' is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a consonant; ''‘g’'' is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a vowel. ''aige'' and its pronominal forms have the stress on the second syllable and all are prone to dropping the initial vowel in initial position or when preceded by a word ending in a vowel, e.g. ''‘gam'', ''‘gat'', ''‘ge'', ''‘ci'', ''‘gainn'', ''‘gaibh'' and ''‘cu''.</ref>
| ''agam''
| ''agat''
| ''aige''
| ''aici''
| ''againn''
| ''agaibh''
| ''acu''
|-
! ''ar'' <ref group="note">The form ''ar'' is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form ''air'', but spelled this way to distinguish between the two in writing.</ref> <ref group="note">Unlike ''aige'', the stress can vary between the first or second syllable among the pronominal forms, often dropping the initial vowel, as in the 1st person singular ''rom'', and when the initial vowel in the monosyllabic forms can be elided by a preceding vowel, as in the 2nd person singular ''‘rt''.</ref>
| ''orm'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''rom''.</ref>
| ''ort''
| ''air''
| ''uirthi'' or ''uirthí''
| ''eirinn'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘rinn''.</ref> or ''orthainn'' or ''orainn''
| ''oraibh'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘ribh''.</ref>
| ''ora'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘ra''.</ref> or ''ortha''
|-
! ''as''
| ''asam''
| ''asat''
| ''as''
| ''aiste''
| ''asainn''
| ''asaibh''
| ''asta''
|-
! ''chún''
| ''chúm''
| ''chút''
| ''chuige''
| ''chúithe''
| ''chúinn''
| ''chúibh''
| ''chútha''
|-
! ''de'' or ''dhe'' <ref group="note" name="de and do">Other than the pronominal forms (except for the 2nd person plural), ''de'' and ''do'' are indistinguishable. ''‘ge'', the reduced form of ''aige'', is sometimes used by some speakers due to analogous delenition of ''dhe'' or ''dho''.</ref>
| ''díom'' or ''dhíom''
| ''díot'' or ''dhíot''
| ''de'' or ''dhe''
| ''di'' or ''dhi''
| ''dínn'' or ''dhínn''
| ''díbh'' or ''dhíbh''
| ''díobh'' or ''dhíobh''
|-
! ''do'' or ''dho'' <ref group="note" name="de and do"/>
| ''dom'' or ''dhom'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dúmhsa'' or ''dhúmhsa''.</ref>
| ''doit'' or ''dhoit''
| ''do'' or ''dho'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dósan'' or ''dhósan''.</ref>
| ''di'' or ''dhi'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dísin'' or ''dhísin''.</ref>
| ''dúinn'' or ''dhúinn''
| ''díbh'' or ''dhíbh''
| ''dóibh'' or ''dhóibh''
|-
! ''fé''
| ''fúm''
| ''fút''
| ''fé'' or ''féig'' or ''féighe''
| ''fúithi''
| ''fúinn'' <ref group="note" name="fé pronoun"></ref>
| ''fúibh'' <ref group="note" name="fé pronoun"/>
| ''fútha''
|-
! ''i'' <ref group="note">In the pronominal forms, the initial syllable is often unstressed and can by elided by preceding vowels..</ref>
| ''ionam'' <ref group="note">Often reduced to ''‘num''. The general emphatic form is ''numsa''.</ref>
| ''ionat'' <ref group="note">The general emphatic form is ''nutsa''.</ref>
| ''ann'' <ref group="note">The general emphatic form is ''on''.</ref>
| ''inti''
| ''ionainn'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘nainn''.</ref>
| ''ionaibh'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘naibh''.</ref>
| ''iontu'' or ''annta''
|-
! ''idir'' <ref group="note">Often reduced to''‘dir''.</ref> <ref group="note">''idir'' has no conjugated forms for the singular persons.</ref>
| -
| -
| -
| -
| ''eadarainn''
| ''eadaraibh''
| ''eatarra''
|-
! ''le'' or ''lé''
| ''liom''
| ''leat''
| ''leis''
| ''léithe'' or ''léi''
| ''linn''
| ''libh''
| ''leotha'' or ''leo''
|-
! ''ó''
| ''bhuam'' or ''bhuaim'' or ''uam'' or ''uaim''
| ''bhuait'' or ''uait''
| ''bhuaidh'' or ''uaidh''
| ''bhuaithe'' or ''uaithe''
| ''bhuainn'' or ''uainn''
| ''bhuaibh'' or ''uaibh''
| ''bhuatha'' or ''uatha''
|-
! ''roimh'' (''roi'') or ''roimhigh'' (''roig'') or ''roimhe''
| ''romham'' (''rúm'')
| ''romhat'' (''rút'')
| ''roimhigh'' (''roig'') or ''roimhe''
| ''rúimpe'' or ''roimpe''
| ''romhainn'' (''rúinn'')
| ''romhaibh'' (''rúibh'')
| ''rúmpa'' or ''rompa''
|-
! ''thar'' or ''thear''
| ''thorm'' or ''thearm''
| ''thorat'' or ''thearat''
| ''theiris'' or ''thairis'' or ''theairis'' or ''thiris''
| ''thóirste'' or ''thóiste''
| ''thorainn'' or ''thearainn'' or ''theirinn'' or ''thirinn''
| ''thoraibh'' or ''thearaibh''
| ''thórsta'' or ''thósta''
|-
! ''trí''
| ''tríom''
| ''tríot''
| ''tríd''
| ''tríthe''
| ''trínn''
| ''tríbh''
| ''tríotha''
|-
! ''um'' <ref group="note">The quality of the initial vowel in the prepositional pronouns depends on the quality of a preceding consonant.</ref>
| ''iomam'' or ''umam''
| ''iomat'' or ''umat''
| ''imigh'' or ''uimigh''
| ''ímpe'' or ''oimpe''
| ''iomainn'' or ''umainn''
| ''iomaibh'' or ''umaibh''
| ''iompa'' or ''umpa''
|}

{{#tag:ref|Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of ''fé''.<ref name="S44p24">Sheehan 1944, p. 24</ref>|group="note"|follow="fé pronoun"}}

== Initial Mutations ==

=== Initial Mutations of Nouns ===

==== Following Simple Prepositions <ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> ====

===== Without the Article =====

====== Lenition ======

The following simple prepositions cause lenition: <ref group="note">''f'' generally avoids being lenited.</ref>

* ''ar''
* ''de''
* ''do''
* ''fé''
* ''idir''
* ''mar''
* ''ó''
* ''thear'' <ref group="note">''thear'' does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.</ref>
* ''trí''
* ''um''

====== Eclipsis ======

The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis:

* ''in'' <ref group="note">Eclipsis of nouns beginning with ''b'' have both the ''m'' and the ''b'' pronounced, e.g. ''i mBéarla''.</ref>

====== ''h''-Prothesis ======

The following simple prepositions cause ''h''-prothesis:

* ''le'' <ref group="note" name="le mutation"></ref>{{#tag:ref|''le'' causes no mutation in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228">Ó Maolchathaigh 1974, p. 228</ref>|group="note"|follow="le mutation"}}
* ''go''

====== No Mutation ======

The following simple prepositions cause no mutation:

* ''aige''
* ''as'' <ref group="note" name="as mutation"></ref>{{#tag:ref|''as'' causes lenition in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228"/>|group="note"|follow="as mutation"}}
* ''go dtí'', ''dtí''
* ''roimh'', ''roimhig''

===== With the Singular Article <ref>Breatnach 1961, pp. 217-222.</ref> =====

Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article.

====== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ======

The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:

* ''aige ‘n'',
* ''ar an'',
* ''as an'',
* ''de ‘n'',
* ''do ‘n'',
* ''fé ‘n'',
* ''ó ‘n'',
* ''roimh ‘n'',
* ''(go) dtí ‘n'',
* ''leis an'',
* ''thear an'',
*''tríd an'',
* and ''ins an''.

====== Lenition ======

Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:

* ''b'' to ''bh'',
* ''p'' to ''ph'',
* ''g'' to ''gh'',
* ''c'' to ''ch'',
* and ''s'' to ''ts''. <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns">Only affects feminine nouns with initial ''s''; masculine nouns are not mutated.</ref>

====== Eclipsis ======

Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:

* ''b'' to ''mb'',
* ''p'' to ''bp'',
* ''g'' to ''ng'',
* ''c'' to ''gc'',
* and ''f'' to ''bhf''.

====== No Mutation ======

Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation:

* ''d'',
* ''t'',
* ''m'',
* ''n'',
* ''l'',
* ''r''
* or ''h''.

====== Contributing Factors ======

The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:

* The form of the preposition when used with the article,<ref group="note">For example, the preposition ''le'' becomes ''leis'' when combined with the article.</ref> whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
* The initial consonant of the noun:
** ''b'', ''g'' or ''f''
** ''p'' or ''c''
** ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>

====== General Rules ======

# ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
# ''s'', only in the case of feminine nouns<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>, undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following ''ins a’'' (or ''sa'').
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |
! colspan="6" | Noun Initial
|-
! ''b''
! ''g''
! ''f''
! ''p''
! ''c''
! ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>
|-
! ''aige ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''de ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''do ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''fé ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''ó ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''roimh ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''dtí ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''ar a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''as a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''leis a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''thear a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''tríd a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''ins a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|}

====== Deviations to the Rules ======

* Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial ''b'' and ''g'', but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
* Contrary to rule #3, ''ins an'' (or ''sa'') had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial ''p'' and ''c'' in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
* Contrary to rule #5, ''p'' has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.

= Notes =

<references group="note"/>

= Bibliography =

* Breatnach, R. B. (1961). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV). The National University of Ireland.
* Breatnach, R. B. (1984). ''Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945)''. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* de Bhial, T. (1985). ''A Cabhsa: 2,000 abairtí samplacha Gaeilge''. An Gúm.
* Ó Cionnfhaolaidh, M. (1956). ''Beatha Mhichíl Turraoin: Maille le Sceulta agus Seanachas''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Cuirrín, S. (1936). "Beirt Dhéiseach". ''Beirt Dhéiseach mar atá: Sceul nua-cheaptha, agus Trí Sceulta arna dtiontódh ó theangthacha eile''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Cuív, B. (1993). ''Irish Dialects and Irish-Speaking Districts: Three Lectures'' (1993 reprint). School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Ó Fiannusa, P. (2008). ''Ghaibh a Leithéid an tSlí Tráth'' (second edition). Cló Chois Móire.
* Ó hAirt, D. (1988). ''Díolaim Dhéiseach''. Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Baile Athá Cliath.
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (unpublished). ''An Gleann is a Raibh Ann'' (one of two original manuscripts).
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1938). "Eachtra Shéimín Paor". ''As na Ceithre hÁirdibh: cnuasach gearr-scéal''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1953). ''Dualgas Pheadair Bhig''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). ''An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann'' (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press.
* O'Rahilly, T. F. (1988). ''Irish Dialects Past and Present: with Chapters on Scottish and Manx'' (1988 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). ''Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language'' (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Tóibín, N. (1979). ''Duanaire Déiseach'' (second edition). Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Wagner, H. (1981). ''Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps'' (1981 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Wagner, H. (1982). ''Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. II. The Dialects of Munster'' (1982 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Ward, A. (1974). ''The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish''. University of Dublin.

= References =

<references />

[[Category:Irish]]