Irish/Déise Irish/Déise Phonology

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Vowels

Short Unstressed Monophthongs

/ə/ unstressed central vowel

[ə] mid central vowel

(Breatnach 1947, ə1)

Between two consonants of velar quality:
/kuːnˠtˠəs/ cuntas, /kuːrˠəmˠ/ cúram, /dˠorˠəxə/ dorcha, /fˠolˠəṽˠ/ folamh, /gˠɑrˠəvˠ/ garbh, /mˠəˈkɑːnˠtˠə/ macánta.

Absolute word-final position following a consonant of velar quality:
/dˠorˠəxə/ dorcha, /mˠəˈkɑːnˠtˠə/ macánta, /mˠolˠə/ moladh, /mˠurˠkə/ iomarca, /rˠəurˠtˠə/ rabharta.

[ɘ] high-mid central unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, ə2)

[ɵ] high-mid central rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, ə3)

Short Stressed Monophthongs

/a/ low front vowel

[a] low front unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, a1)

/ɑ/ low back vowel

[ɑ̈] low central unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, a2)

[ɑ] low back unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, a3)

/e/ mid vowel

[e̞] mid front unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, e1)

[ɜ] low-mid central unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, e2)

[o̞] mid back rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, o)

/i/ high vowel

[ɪ] near-high near-front unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, i1)

Absolute word-initial position preceding a consonant of palatal quality:
/iʃɟə/ uisce, /ihʲəmʲ/ ithim.

Between two consonants of palatal quality:
/mʲinʲəc/ minic, /mʲiʃə/ mise, /mʲiʃdʲə/ miste, /eː ʃinʲ/ é sin, /ʃiɲə/ sinne, /tʲinʲə/ tine.

[ɪ̈] near-high central unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, i2)

[ʊ] near-high near-back rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, u1)

[ʊ̈] near-high central rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, u2)

Long Monophthongs

/ɑː/ long low back unrounded vowel

[ɑː] long low back unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, a:)

/eː/ long mid front unrounded vowel

[eː] long high-mid front unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, e:1)

[ɘː] long high-mid central unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, e:2)

[ɜː] long low-mid central unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, e:3)

/oː/ long mid back rounded vowel

[oː] long high-mid back rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, o:1)

[o̞ː] long mid back rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, o:2)

[ɵː] long high-mid central rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, o:3)

/iː/ long high front unrounded vowel

[iː] long high front unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, i:1)

[i̠ː] long high near-front unrounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, i:2)

/uː/ long high front unrounded vowel

[uː] long high back rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, u:1)

[u̟ː] long high near-back rounded vowel

(Breatnach 1947, u:2)

Diphthongs

/ai/

/au/

/əi/

/əu/

/iə/

[iə]

(Breatnach 1947, 1)

[i̠ə]

(Breatnach 1947, 2)

[iɘ]

(Breatnach 1947, 3)

/ia/

[i̞æ̈]

(Breatnach 1947, ia)

/uə/

[uɘ]

(Breatnach 1947, 1)

[uə]

(Breatnach 1947, 2)

Nasalisation

All vowels undergo varying degrees of allophonic nasalisation when neighbouring a consonant of nasal quality.

Where a historical consonant of nasal quality has since become lost in a word while the vowel has retained its nasalisation, that vowel has since phonemicised as a nasal vowel and should be marked as such in phonemic transcription.

Glides

Consonants

Labials

/pˠ/

/pʲ/

/bˠ/

/bʲ/

/mˠ/

/mʲ/

/fˠ/

/fʲ/

/vˠ/

/vʲ/

/ṽˠ/

/ṽʲ/

Coronal Obstruents

/tˠ/

/tʲ/

/dˠ/

/dʲ/

/s/

/ʃ/

Coronal Sonorants

/lˠ/

/lʲ/

/rˠ/

/rʲ/

/nˠ/

/nʲ/

Dorsals

/k/

/c/

/ɡ/

/ɟ/

/ŋ/

/ɲ/

/x/

/ç/

/ɣ/

/j/

Laryngeals

/hˠ/

/hʲ/

Notes


References