Difference between revisions of "User:Erisceres/Chronological Developments in the Celtic Languages"
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Linney 5: | Linney 5: | ||
== Proto-Indo-European == | == Proto-Indo-European == | ||
=== Non-Syllabic | === Non-Syllabic Phonemes and Their Syllabic Allophones === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ PIE Plosives<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.</ref> | |+ PIE Plosives<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.</ref> | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="5" | Non-Syllabic | |||
|- class="small" | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | ! rowspan="2" | Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" | Coronal | ! rowspan="2" | Coronal | ||
Linney 42: | Linney 44: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ PIE Fricatives | |+ PIE Fricatives | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | Non-Syllabic | |||
! rowspan="4" | | |||
! Syllabic | |||
|- class="small" | |||
! Coronal | ! Coronal | ||
! | ! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4</ref> | ||
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 62</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Sibilant<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref> | ! Sibilant<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref> | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>s''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>s''}} | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Linney 53: | Linney 61: | ||
| | | | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}} | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₃''}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ PIE Sonorants<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1</ref> | |+ PIE Sonorants | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="4" | Non-Syllabic<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1</ref> | |||
! rowspan="7" | | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="4" | Syllabic | |||
|- class="small" | |||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | ! rowspan="2" | Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" | Coronal | ! rowspan="2" | Coronal | ||
! colspan="2" | Dorsal | ! colspan="2" | Dorsal | ||
! rowspan="2" | Labial | |||
! rowspan="2" | Coronal | |||
! colspan="2" | Short Monophthong<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62, 66</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic semivowels (short vowels) are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref> | |||
|- class="small" | |- class="small" | ||
! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Labiovelar | ! Labiovelar | ||
! Front Unrounded | |||
! Back Rounded | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Lateral | ! Lateral | ||
| | | | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l''}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
! Lateral<ref name="F09pp61-2">Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2</ref><ref group="note" name="Allophonic Sonorants">The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref> | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l̥''}} | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Linney 74: | Linney 98: | ||
| | | | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r''}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
! Rhotic<ref name="F09pp61-2"/><ref group="note" name="Allophonic Sonorants"/> | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r̥''}} | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Linney 80: | Linney 109: | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m''}} | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
! Nasal<ref name="F09pp61-2"/><ref group="note" name="Allophonic Sonorants"/> | |||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m̥''}} | |||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n̥''}} | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Linney 88: | Linney 122: | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>y''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>y''}} | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>w''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>w''}} | ||
! Close | |||
! | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>i''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>i''}} | ||
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}} | | {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Syllabic Phonemes === | |||
To do | |||
= Developments from Proto-Celtic = | = Developments from Proto-Celtic = |
Aavriwnys veih 19:38, 13 Toshiaght Arree 2022
This page will detail the chronological developments of the Celtic languages, with a focus on Goidelic (for now).
From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic
Proto-Indo-European
Non-Syllabic Phonemes and Their Syllabic Allophones
Non-Syllabic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |||
Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | |||
Tenuis | *p | *t | *kʲ | *k | *kʷ |
Voiced | *b | *d | *ɡʲ | *ɡ | *ɡʷ |
Murmured | *bʱ | *dʱ | *ɡʲʱ | *ɡʱ | *ɡʷʱ |
Non-Syllabic | Syllabic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coronal | Postvelar[2] | Postvelar[3][note 1] | ||
Sibilant[4] | *s | |||
Non-Sibilant | *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ | *ə₁, *ə₂, *ə₃ |
Non-Syllabic[5] | Syllabic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Labial | Coronal | Short Monophthong[6][note 2] | |||||
Palatal | Labiovelar | Front Unrounded | Back Rounded | |||||||
Lateral | *l | Lateral[7][note 3] | *l̥ | |||||||
Rhotic | *r | Rhotic[7][note 3] | *r̥ | |||||||
Nasal | *m | *n | Nasal[7][note 3] | *m̥ | *n̥ | |||||
Semivowel | *y | *w | Close | *i | *u |
Syllabic Phonemes
To do
Developments from Proto-Celtic
To do
From Proto-Celtic to Gaulish
To do
From Proto-Celtic to Celtiberian
To do
From Proto-Celtic to Insular Celtic
To do
Developments from Insular Celtic
To do
From Insular Celtic to Common Brittonic
To do
From Insular Celtic to Primitive Irish
To do
Developments in Goidelic
To do
From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish
To do
Notes
- ↑ The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
- ↑ The syllabic semivowels (short vowels) are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
Bibliography
- Fortson IV, B. W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
- McCone, K. (1996). "Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change". Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, Saint Patrick’s College.
- Stifter, David (2006). Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners. Syracuse University Press.
- Thurneysen, R. (1946; 2003 reprint). A Grammar of Old Irish: Translated from the German by D.A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, with supplement. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.